Editing Persian language (section)

===== Use in Indian subcontinent =====
{{Main|Persian language in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{See also|Persian and Urdu|Dobhashi}}
[[File:Agra India persian poem.jpg|thumb|Persian poem, [[Agra Fort]], India, 18th century]]
[[File:Agra castle India persian poem.jpg|thumb|Persian poem, ''Takht-e Shah Jahan'', [[Agra Fort]], India]]

The Persian language influenced the formation of many modern languages in West Asia, Europe, [[Central Asia]], and [[South Asia]]. Following the Turko-Persian [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Ghaznavid]] conquest of [[South Asia]], Persian was firstly introduced in the region by Turkic Central Asians.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Clinton |last2=Ramsey |first2=Charles M. |title=South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |year=2012 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-5127-8 |page=18 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211194610/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |url-status=live}}</ref> The basis in general for the introduction of Persian language into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties.<ref name="Sigfried J 1994. p 734"/> For five centuries prior to the [[British Empire|British colonization]], Persian was widely used as a second language in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts on the subcontinent and became the sole "official language" under the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]].

The [[Bengal Sultanate]] witnessed an influx of Persian scholars, lawyers, teachers, and clerics. Thousands of Persian books and manuscripts were published in Bengal. The period of the reign of Sultan [[Ghiyathuddin Azam Shah]] is described as the "golden age of Persian literature in Bengal". Its stature was illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence and collaboration with the Persian poet [[Hafez]]; a poem which can be found in the ''Divan of Hafez'' today.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Persian |author=Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah}}</ref> A [[Bengali language|Bengali]] dialect emerged among the common [[Bengali Muslim]] folk, based on a Persian model and known as [[Dobhashi]]; meaning ''mixed language''. Dobhashi Bengali was patronised and given official status under the [[Sultans of Bengal]], and was a popular literary form used by Bengalis during the pre-colonial period, irrespective of their religion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421 |title=A Tale of Two Languages: How the Persian language seeped into Bengali |author=Sarah Anjum Bari |date=12 April 2019 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621164456/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the defeat of the [[Hindu Shahi]] dynasty, classical Persian was established as a courtly language in the region during the late 10th century under [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid]] rule over the northwestern frontier of the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]].<ref name="google2">{{cite book |title=The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab |author=Mir, F. |date=2010 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520262690 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35 |page=35 |access-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35 |archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> Employed by [[Punjabis]] in literature, Persian achieved prominence in the region during the following centuries.<ref name="google2"/> Persian continued to act as a courtly language for various empires in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] through the early 19th century serving finally as the official state language of the [[Sikh Empire]], preceding [[Punjab Province (British India)|British conquest]] and the decline of Persian in South Asia.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 1911 Page 892">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ranjit Singh |volume=22 |page=892}}</ref><ref name="Grewal112">{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab, Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC |isbn=0-521-63764-3 |page=112 |quote=The continuance of Persian as the language of administration. |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504204555/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press (USA) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&q=principal+language |isbn=978-0199931453 |page=239 |quote=We see such acquaintance clearly within the Sikh court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, for example, the principal language of which was Persian. |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142730/https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&q=principal+language |url-status=live}}</ref>

Beginning in 1843, though, English and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] gradually replaced Persian in importance on the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |title=Eternal Iran |year=2004 |last=Clawson |first=Patrick |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=6 |isbn=1-4039-6276-6}}</ref> Evidence of Persian's historical influence there can be seen in the extent of its influence on certain languages of the Indian subcontinent. Words borrowed from Persian are still quite commonly used in certain Indo-Aryan languages, especially [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] (also historically known as [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]].<ref name="google4">{{cite book |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |author1=Menon, A.S. |author2=Kusuman, K.K. |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170992141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87 |page=87 |access-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA87 |archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> There is also a small population of Zoroastrian [[Irani (India)|Iranis]] in India, who migrated in the 19th century to escape religious execution in [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar Iran]] and speak a Dari dialect.