Editing Phrygian language (section)

==Vocabulary==
[[File:Midas inscription with transliteration.jpg|thumb|350px|The Midas inscription over the [[cornice]] of the [[Midas monument]]. It reads ''Ates... Midai lavagtaei vanaktei edaes'' ("Ates... has dedicated [this monument) to Midas, leader of the people and ruler").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Woodard |first1=Roger D. |title=The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139469333 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-f_jwCgmeUC&pg=PA78 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roller |first1=Lynn E. |title=In Search of God the Mother: The Cult of Anatolian Cybele |date=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520210240 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXQkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/phrygian/phryg.htm Corpus of Phrygian Inscriptions]</ref>]]
Phrygian is attested fragmentarily, known only from a comparatively small corpus of inscriptions.
A few hundred Phrygian words are attested; however, the meaning and etymologies of many of these remain unknown.

A famous Phrygian word is ''bekos'', meaning 'bread'. According to [[Herodotus]] (''Histories''&nbsp;2.2), Pharaoh [[Psammetichus I]] wanted to determine the oldest nation and establish the world's [[Proto-Human language|original language]]. For this purpose, he ordered two children to be reared by a shepherd, forbidding him to let them hear a single word, and charging him to report the children's first utterance. After two years, the shepherd reported that on entering their chamber, the children came up to him, extending their hands, calling ''bekos''. Upon enquiry, the pharaoh discovered that this was the Phrygian word for 'wheat bread', after which the Egyptians conceded that the Phrygian nation was older than theirs. The word ''bekos'' is also attested several times in Palaeo-Phrygian inscriptions on funerary stelae. It may be cognate to the English ''bake'' (PIE *''bʰeh₃g-'').<ref>The etymology is defended in O. Panagl & B. Kowal, "Zur etymologischen Darstellung von Restsprachen", in: A. Bammesberger (ed.), ''Das etymologische Wörterbuch'', Regensburg 1983, pp. 186–187. It is contested in Benjamin W. Fortson, ''Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction''. Blackwell, 2004. {{ISBN|1-4051-0316-7}}, p. 409.</ref> [[Hittite language|Hittite]], [[Luwian language|Luwian]] (both also influenced Phrygian morphology), Galatian and Greek (which also exhibits a high amount of isoglosses with Phrygian) all influenced Phrygian vocabulary.<ref name="Brixhe pp. 165–178">Brixhe, Cl. "Le Phrygien". In Fr. Bader (ed.), ''Langues indo-européennes'', pp. 165–178, Paris: CNRS Editions.</ref><ref>Woodard, Roger D. ''The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor''. Cambridge University Press, 2008, {{ISBN|0-521-68496-X}}, pp. 69–81.</ref>

According to [[Clement of Alexandria]], the Phrygian word ''bedu'' ({{lang|grc|βέδυ}}) meaning 'water' (PIE *''wed-'') appeared in [[Orphic]] ritual.<ref>Clement. ''Stromata'', 5.8.46–47.</ref>

The Greek theonym [[Zeus]] appears in Phrygian with the stem ''Ti-'' (genitive ''Tios'' = Greek ''Dios'', from earlier ''*Diwos''; the nominative is unattested); perhaps with the general meaning 'god, deity'. It is possible that ''tiveya'' means 'goddess'. The shift of ''*d'' to ''t'' in Phrygian and the loss of ''*w'' before ''o'' appears to be regular. [[Stephanus Byzantius]] records that according to [[Demosthenes]], Zeus was known as ''Tios'' in [[Bithynia]].<ref>On Phrygian ''ti-'' see Heubeck 1987, Lubotsky 1989a, Lubotsky 1998c, Brixhe 1997: 42ff. On the passage by Stephanus Byzantius, Haas 1966: 67, Lubotsky 1989a:85 (Δημοσθένης δ'ἐν Βιθυνιακοῖς φησι κτιστὴν τῆς πόλεως γενέσθαι Πάταρον ἑλόντα Παφλαγονίαν, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ τιμᾶν τὸν Δία Τίον προσαγορεῦσαι.) Witczak 1992-3: 265ff. assumes a Bithynian origin for the Phrygian god.</ref>

Another possible theonym is ''bago-'' (cf. Old Persian ''baga-'', [[Proto-Slavic]] ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bogъ|*bogъ]]'' "god"), attested as the accusative singular ''bag̣un'' in G-136.<ref>However also read as ''bapun''; "Un très court retour vertical prolonge le trait horizontal du Γ. S'il n'était accidentel nous aurions{{nbsp}}... un p assez semblable à celui de G-135." Brixhe and Lejeune 1987: 125.</ref> Lejeune identified the term as ''*bʰagom'', in the meaning 'a gift, dedication' (PIE ''*bʰag-'' 'to apportion, give a share'). But [[Hesychius of Alexandria]] mentions a ''Bagaios, Phrygian Zeus'' ({{lang|grc|Βαγαῖος Ζεὺς Φρύγιος}}) and interprets the name as {{lang|grc|δοτῆρ ἑάων}} 'giver of good things'. [[J. P. Mallory|Mallory]] and [[Douglas Q. Adams|Adams]] agree that the word ''Bagaios'' was an epithet to the Phrygian worship of Zeus that derived from the same root.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|p=274}}