Editing Psychometrics (section)

== Non-human: animals and machines ==
Psychometrics addresses ''human'' abilities, attitudes, traits, and educational evolution. Notably, the study of behavior, mental processes, and abilities of non-human ''animals'' is usually addressed by [[comparative psychology]], or with a continuum between non-human animals and the rest of animals by [[evolutionary psychology]]. Nonetheless, there are some advocators for a more gradual transition between the approach taken for humans and the approach taken for (non-human) animals.<ref name="Humphreys">{{Cite journal | author = Humphreys, L.G.
 | year = 1987
 | title = Psychometrics considerations in the evaluation of intraspecies differences in intelligence
 | journal = Behav Brain Sci
 | volume = 10
 | issue = 4
 | pages = 668–669
 | doi=10.1017/s0140525x0005514x
 | doi-broken-date = 21 May 2025
 }}</ref><ref name="Eysenck">{{Cite journal | author = Eysenck, H.J.
 | year = 1987
 | title = The several meanings of intelligence
 | journal = Behav Brain Sci
 | volume = 10
 | issue = 4
 | pages = 663
 | doi=10.1017/s0140525x00055060
 | doi-broken-date = 21 May 2025
 }}</ref><ref name="Locurto">{{Cite journal |author1=Locurto, C. |author2=Scanlon, C
 |name-list-style=amp | year = 1987
 | title = Individual differences and spatial learning factor in two strains of mice
 | journal = Behav Brain Sci
 | volume = 112
 | pages = 344–352
 }}</ref><ref name="king1997five">{{Cite journal |author1=King, James E |author2=Figueredo, Aurelio Jose
 |name-list-style=amp | year = 1997
 | title = The five-factor model plus dominance in chimpanzee personality
 | journal = Journal of Research in Personality
 | volume = 31
 | issue = 2
 | pages = 257–271
 | doi=10.1006/jrpe.1997.2179
 }}</ref>

The evaluation of abilities, traits and learning evolution of ''machines'' has been mostly unrelated to the case of humans and non-human animals, with specific approaches in the area of [[artificial intelligence]]. A more integrated approach, under the name of [[universal psychometrics]], has also been proposed.<ref name="upsycho">{{Cite journal |author1=J. Hernández-Orallo |author2=D.L. Dowe |author3=M.V. Hernández-Lloreda | year = 2013
|title = Universal Psychometrics: Measuring Cognitive Abilities in the Machine Kingdom
|journal = Cognitive Systems Research
|volume=27 |pages=50–74 |hdl=10251/50244|doi=10.1016/j.cogsys.2013.06.001 |s2cid=26440282 |url=https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/10251/50244/3/upsycho.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hernández-Orallo |first=José |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/measure-of-all-minds/DC3DFD0C1D5B3A3AD6F56CD6A397ABCA |title=The Measure of All Minds: Evaluating Natural and Artificial Intelligence |date=2017 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-15301-1 |location=Cambridge}}</ref>