Editing Pyrolysis (section)

===Methane pyrolysis for hydrogen===
[[File:Methane Pyrolysis-1.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Illustrating inputs and outputs of methane pyrolysis, an efficient one-step process to produce Hydrogen and no greenhouse gas]]
Methane pyrolysis<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Upham |first1=D. Chester |last2=Agarwal |first2=Vishal |last3=Khechfe |first3=Alexander |last4=Snodgrass |first4=Zachary R. |last5=Gordon |first5=Michael J. |last6=Metiu |first6=Horia |last7=McFarland |first7=Eric W. |title=Catalytic molten metals for the direct conversion of methane to hydrogen and separable carbon |journal=Science |date=17 November 2017 |volume=358 |issue=6365 |pages=917–921 |doi=10.1126/science.aao5023 |pmid=29146810 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Sci...358..917U }}</ref> is an industrial process for "turquoise" [[hydrogen production]] from [[methane]] by removing solid [[carbon]] from [[natural gas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Timmerberg |first1=Sebastian |last2=Kaltschmitt |first2=Martin |last3=Finkbeiner |first3=Matthias |title=Hydrogen and hydrogen-derived fuels through methane decomposition of natural gas – GHG emissions and costs |journal=Energy Conversion and Management: X |date=September 2020 |volume=7 |pages=100043 |doi=10.1016/j.ecmx.2020.100043 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ECMX....700043T |hdl=11420/6245 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> This one-step process produces hydrogen in high volume at low cost (less than [[steam reforming]] with [[carbon sequestration]]).<ref>
{{cite thesis |last1=Lumbers |first1=Brock |title=Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Catalyst Deactivation for the Continuous Thermo-Catalytic Decomposition of Methane.|url=https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-rhein-waal/frontdoor/index/index/docId/775 |date=20 August 2020 |pages=12–13 |publisher=Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref> No greenhouse gas is released. No deep well injection of carbon dioxide is needed. Only water is released when hydrogen is used as the fuel for [[fuel-cell]] electric heavy truck transportation,
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fialka |first1=John |title=Energy Department Looks to Boost Hydrogen Fuel for Big Trucks |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/energy-department-looks-to-boost-hydrogen-fuel-for-big-trucks/ |website=E&E News |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=7 November 2020}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |last1=CCJ News
 |title=How fuel cell trucks produce electric power and how they're fueled |url=https://www.ccjdigital.com/hydrogen-powered-class-8-rigs-electric-refuel/ |website=CCJ News |date=13 August 2020 |publisher=Commercial Carrier Journal |access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |last1=Toyota
 |title=Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Class 8 Truck |url=https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/corporate/34009225.html |website=Hydrogen-Powered Truck Will Offer Heavy-Duty Capability and Clean Emissions |publisher=Toyota |access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news |last1=Colias |first1=Mike
 |title=Auto Makers Shift Their Hydrogen Focus to Big Rigs |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/auto-makers-shift-their-hydrogen-focus-to-big-rigs-11603714573 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=26 October 2020
 |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |last1=Honda
 |title=Honda Fuel-Cell Clarity |url=https://automobiles.honda.com/clarity-fuel-cell |website=Clarity Fuel Cell |publisher=Honda |access-date=19 October 2020}}
</ref> gas turbine electric power generation,<ref>
{{cite web |last1=GE Turbines
 |title=Hydrogen fueled power turbines |url=https://www.ge.com/power/gas/fuel-capability/hydrogen-fueled-gas-turbines |website=Hydrogen fueled gas turbines |publisher=General Electric |access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Solar Turbines |title=Hydrogen fueled power turbines |url=https://www.solarturbines.com/en_US/solutions/carbon-reduction/carbon-neutral-fuels/hydrogen.html |website=Power From Hydrogen Gas For Carbon Reduction |publisher=Solar Turbines |access-date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809111252/https://www.solarturbines.com/en_US/solutions/carbon-reduction/carbon-neutral-fuels/hydrogen.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and hydrogen for industrial processes including producing ammonia fertilizer and cement.<ref>
{{cite web |last1=Crolius |first1=Stephen H.
 |title=Methane to Ammonia via Pyrolysis |url=https://www.ammoniaenergy.org/articles/methane-to-ammonia-via-pyrolysis/ |website=Ammonia Energy Association |date=27 January 2017
 |access-date=19 October 2020}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |last1=Pérez |first1=Jorge |title=CEMEX successfully deploys hydrogen-based ground-breaking cement manufacturing technology |url=https://www.cemex.com/-/cemex-successfully-deploys-hydrogen-based-ground-breaking-technology |website=www.cemex.com |publisher=CEMEX, S.A.B. de C.V. |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> Methane pyrolysis is the process operating around 1065&nbsp;°C for producing [[hydrogen]] from natural gas that allows removal of carbon easily (solid carbon is a byproduct of the process).<ref>
{{cite web |last1=Cartwright |first1=Jon
 |title=The reaction that would give us clean fossil fuels forever |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23230940-200-crack-methane-for-fossil-fuels-without-tears |website=NewScientist |publisher=New Scientist Ltd. |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |last1=Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
 |title=Hydrogen from methane without CO2 emissions |url=https://phys.org/news/2013-04-hydrogen-methane-co2-emissions.html |website=Phys.Org |access-date=30 October 2020}}
</ref> The industrial quality solid carbon can then be sold or landfilled and is not released into the atmosphere, avoiding emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) or ground water pollution from a landfill. 

In 2015, a company called Monolith Materials built a pilot plant in Redwood City, CA to study scaling Methane Pyrolysis using renewable power in the process.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-28|title=Successful Demonstration Program Underpins Monolith Materials' Commercialization Plans - Zeton|url=https://www.zeton.com/news/successful-demonstration-program-underpins-monolith-materials-commercialization-plans/|access-date=2022-01-05|website=Zeton Inc|language=en-US}}</ref> A successful pilot project then led to a larger commercial-scale demonstration plant in Hallam, Nebraska in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monolith|url=https://monolith-corp.com/monolith-story|access-date=2022-01-05|website=monolith-corp.com|language=en}}</ref> As of 2020, this plant is operational and can produce around 14 metric tons of hydrogen per day.&nbsp; In 2021, the US Department of Energy backed Monolith Materials' plans for major expansion with a $1B loan guarantee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DOE backs Neb. hydrogen, carbon black project with $1B loan guarantee|url=https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/doe-backs-neb-hydrogen-carbon-black-project-with-1b-loan-guarantee-68193136|access-date=2022-01-05|website=www.spglobal.com|language=en-us}}</ref> The funding will help produce a plant capable of generating 164 metric tons of hydrogen per day by 2024.  Pilots with gas utilities and [[biogas]] plants are underway with companies like Modern Hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-27 |title=NW Natural to Partner with Modern Electron on Exciting Pilot Project to Turn Methane into Clean Hydrogen and Solid Carbon |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nw-natural-to-partner-with-modern-electron-on-exciting-pilot-project-to-turn-methane-into-clean-hydrogen-and-solid-carbon-01658966165 |access-date=2022-08-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stiffler |first=Lisa |date=2022-04-26 |title=Cut the BS: This startup is converting cow manure into clean-burning hydrogen fuel |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2022/cut-the-bs-this-startup-is-converting-cow-manure-into-clean-burning-hydrogen-fuel/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=GeekWire |language=en-US}}</ref>  Volume production is also being evaluated in the BASF "methane pyrolysis at scale" pilot plant,<ref name="auto1"/> the chemical engineering team at University of California - Santa Barbara<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Fernandez |first1=Sonia |title=Researchers develop potentially low-cost, low-emissions technology that can convert methane without forming CO2 |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-11-potentially-low-cost-low-emissions-technology-methane.html |work=phys.org |publisher=University of California - Santa Barbara |date=21 November 2017 }}</ref> and in such research laboratories as Karlsruhe Liquid-metal Laboratory (KALLA).<ref>
{{cite web |last1=Gusev |first1=Alexander
 |title=KITT/IASS - Producing CO2 Free Hydrogen From Natural Gas For Energy Usage |url=http://www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu/Latest-Research/Spring-2019/KITT-IASS-Producing-CO2-free-hydrogen-from-natural-gas-for-energy-usage |website=European Energy Innovation |publisher=Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies |access-date=30 October 2020}}
</ref>  Power for process heat consumed is only one-seventh of the power consumed in the water electrolysis method for producing hydrogen.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2020 |title=Methane pyrolysis process uses renewable electricity split CH4 into H2 and carbon-black |url=https://www.chemengonline.com/methane-pyrolysis-process-uses-renewable-electricity-split-ch4-h2-carbon-black/?printmode=1 |access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref>

The Australian company Hazer Group was founded in 2010 to commercialise technology originally developed at the University of Western Australia.&nbsp; The company was listed on the ASX in December 2015. It is completing a commercial demonstration project to produce renewable hydrogen and graphite from wastewater and iron ore as a process catalyst use technology created by the University of Western Australia (UWA). The Commercial Demonstration Plant project is an Australian first, and expected to produce around 100 tonnes of fuel-grade hydrogen and 380 tonnes of graphite each year starting in 2023.{{fact|date=March 2025}} It was scheduled to commence in 2022. "10 December 2021: Hazer Group (ASX: HZR) regret to advise that there has been a delay to the completion of the fabrication of the reactor for the Hazer Commercial Demonstration Project (CDP). This is expected to delay the planned commissioning of the Hazer CDP, with commissioning now expected to occur after our current target date of 1Q 2022."<ref>{{cite press release |date=10 December 2021 |title=Delay to Reactor Fabrication |url=https://cdn-api.markitdigital.com/apiman-gateway/ASX/asx-research/1.0/file/2924-02465184-6A1068033?access_token=83ff96335c2d45a094df02a206a39ff4 |publisher=Hazer Group }}</ref> The Hazer Group has collaboration agreements with Engie for a facility in France in May 2023,<ref>{{cite press release |title=Hazer advances ENGIE collaboration for facility in France |url=https://hazergroup.com.au/announcement/hazer-advances-engie-collaboration-for-facility-in-france/ |publisher=Hazer Group }}</ref> A Memorandum of Understanding with Chubu Electric & Chiyoda in Japan April 2023<ref>{{cite press release |title=Hazer Signs MOU with Chubu Electric & Chiyoda |url=https://hazergroup.com.au/announcement/hazer-signs-mou-with-chubu-electric-chiyoda/ |publisher=Hazer Group }}</ref> and an agreement with Suncor Energy and FortisBC to develop 2,500 tonnes per Annum Burrard-Hazer Hydrogen Production Plant in Canada April 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazer Group – Investor Presentation {{!}} hazergroup.com.au |url=https://hazergroup.com.au/announcement/hazer-group-investor-presentation/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |language=en-AU}}{{psc|date=March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Burrard Hazer Hydrogen Project Announcement {{!}} hazergroup.com.au |url=https://hazergroup.com.au/announcement/burrard-hazer-hydrogen-project-announcement/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |language=en-AU}}{{psc|date=March 2025}}</ref>

The American company C-Zero's technology converts natural gas into hydrogen and solid carbon. The hydrogen provides clean, low-cost energy on demand, while the carbon can be permanently sequestered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=C-Zero {{!}} Decarbonizing Natural Gas |url=https://www.czero.energy/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=C-Zero |language=en}}</ref> C-Zero announced in June 2022 that it closed a $34 million financing round led by SK Gas, a subsidiary of South Korea's second-largest conglomerate, the SK Group. SK Gas was joined by two other new investors, Engie New Ventures and Trafigura, one of the world's largest physical commodities trading companies, in addition to participation from existing investors including Breakthrough Energy Ventures, Eni Next, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and AP Ventures. Funding was for C-Zero's first pilot plant, which was expected to be online in Q1 2023. The plant may be capable of producing up to 400&nbsp;kg of hydrogen per day from natural gas with no CO2 emissions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=C-Zero Closes $34 Million Financing Round Led by SK Gas to Build Natural Gas Decarbonization Pilot |url=https://www.czero.energy/post/c-zero-closes-34-million-financing-round-led-by-sk-gas-to-build-natural-gas-decarbonization-pilot |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=C-Zero |language=en}}</ref>
 
One of the world's largest chemical companies, [[BASF]], has been researching hydrogen pyrolysis for more than 10 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview Andreas Bode |url=https://www.basf.com/au/en/who-we-are/sustainability/we-produce-safely-and-efficiently/energy-and-climate-protection/carbon-management/interview-andreas-bode.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.basf.com |language=en-AU}}</ref>