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Retaining wall
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===Mechanical stabilization=== {{main|Mechanically stabilized earth}} Mechanically stabilized earth, also called MSE, is soil constructed with artificial reinforcing via layered horizontal mats ([[geosynthetics]]) fixed at their ends. These mats provide added internal shear resistance beyond that of simple gravity wall structures. Other options include steel straps, also layered. This type of soil strengthening usually needs outer facing walls (S.R.W.'s β Segmental Retaining Walls) to affix the layers to and vice versa.<ref> [http://geostone.com/CAD/8vs4-16ft_batter.jpg JPG image]. geostone.com</ref> The wall face is often of precast concrete units<ref name="SEG"/> that can tolerate some differential movement. The reinforced soil's mass, along with the facing, then acts as an improved gravity wall. The reinforced mass must be built large enough to retain the pressures from the soil behind it. Gravity walls usually must be a minimum of 50 to 60 percent as deep or thick as the height of the wall, and may have to be larger if there is a slope or surcharge on the wall. [[Cellular confinement systems|Cellular confinement systems (geocells)]] are also used for steep earth stabilization in gravity and reinforced retaining walls with geogrids. Geocell retaining walls are structurally stable under self- weight and externally imposed loads, while the flexibility of the structure offers very high seismic resistance.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Leshchinsky, D. |year=2009|url=http://geosyntheticsmagazine.com/2009/08/01/research-and-innovation-seismic-performance-of-various-geocell-earth-retention-systems/|title=Research and Innovation: Seismic Performance of Various Geocell Earth-retention Systems|journal=Geosysnthetics|volume= 27|issue= 4|pages= 46β52}}</ref> The outer fascia cells of the wall can be planted with vegetation to create a [[green wall]].
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