Editing Salyut programme (section)

=== Salyut's heritage – modular space stations ===
After the second generation, plans for the next generation of Salyut stations called for the cores '''DOS-7''' and '''DOS-8''' to allow, for the first time in spaceflight, the addition of several modules to a station core and to create a modular space station. For this, the DOS modules were to be equipped with a total of four docking ports: one docking port at the aft of the station as in the second generation Salyuts, and the replacement of the front docking port with a "docking sphere" containing three docking ports — front, port, and starboard.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-11-19|title=Mir|url=http://www.astronautix.com/m/mir.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820173204/http://www.astronautix.com/m/mir.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2016|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>

While the station cores DOS-7 and DOS-8 were built and flown, they never received the Salyut designation. Instead, DOS-7 evolved into the [[Mir Core Module]] for the ''Mir'' space station that followed the Salyut programme, and DOS-8 was used as the [[Zvezda (ISS module)|''Zvezda'' Service Module]] for the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) which followed ''Mir''.

The heritage from the Almaz programme is present even today. While the last space station from the Almaz programme was flown as Salyut 5 in 1976, the development of the Almaz [[TKS spacecraft]] evolved into the [[Functional Cargo Block]], which formed the basis for several ''Mir'' modules, the experimental [[Polyus (spacecraft)|Polyus orbital weapons platform]] and the ''[[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]]'' module of the ISS.<ref name="Ivanovich2008"/>

==== Mir Core Module (DOS-7) ====
{{Main|Mir Core Module|Functional Cargo Block|Mir}}
[[File:Mir base block drawing.png|thumb|DOS-7 (Mir Core Module)]]

'''DOS-7''' continued to be developed during Salyut 7, becoming the Mir Core Module of the ''[[Mir]]'' space station – the first modular space station, with crewed operations lasting from 1986 to 2000. The station featured upgraded computers and solar arrays, and accommodations for two cosmonauts each having their own cabin. A total of six docking ports were available on the Mir Core Module, which were used for space station modules and visiting spacecraft – the docking sphere design had been upgraded from its initial Salyut design to contain a maximum of five docking ports (front, port, starboard, zenith and nadir). And finally, the modules for ''Mir'' were derived from the Functional Cargo Block design of the Almaz programme.

The name of the ''Mir'' space station – {{langx|ru|Мир}}, literally ''Peace'' or ''World'' – was to signify the intentions of the Soviet Union to bring peace to the world. However, it was during the time of ''Mir'' that the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union was dissolved]] in December 1991, ending what was begun with the 1917 [[October Revolution]] in Russia. This dissolution had started with the Soviet "[[perestroika]] and [[glasnost]]" ("restructuring and openness") reform campaigns by Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] in the 1980s, had reached a preliminary endpoint with the [[revolutions of 1989]] and the end of the communist [[Eastern Bloc]] ([[Warsaw Pact]] and the [[Comecon]]), finally to reach the Soviet Union itself in 1991.<ref name="Ivanovich2008"/>

While the Russian Federation became the successor to much of the dissolved [[Soviet Union]] and was in a position to continue the [[Soviet space program]] with the [[Roscosmos|Russian Federal Space Agency]], it faced severe difficulties: imports and exports had steeply declined as the economic exchange with [[Comecon]] nations had crumbled away, leaving the industry of the former Soviet Union in shambles. Not only did the political change in eastern Europe signify an end of contributions to the space programme by eastern European nations (such as the [[East Germany|East German]] [[Carl Zeiss AG|Carl Zeiss Jena]]), but parts of the Soviet space industry were located in the newly independent [[Ukraine]], which was similarly cash-strapped as [[Russia]] and started to demand [[hard currency]] for its contributions.

It was during this time of transition and upheaval that the [[Shuttle–Mir program]] was established between the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] and the [[United States]] in 1993. The former adversaries would now cooperate, with "Phase One" consisting of joint missions and flights of the United States [[Space Shuttle]] to the [[Mir|Mir space station]]. It was a partnership with stark contrasts – Russia needed an inflow of hard currency to keep their space programme aloft, while in the United States it was seen as a chance to learn from the over 20 years of experience of Soviet space station operations. It was "Phase Two" of this Shuttle–Mir program that would lead to the [[International Space Station]].<ref name="Shayler2004">{{cite book|author=David Shayler|title=Walking in Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8PW0_WNTDsC&pg=PA291|date=3 June 2004|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-85233-710-0|pages=291–}}</ref>

==== ''Zvezda'' ISS Service Module (DOS-8) ====
{{Main|Zvezda (ISS module)|Zarya (ISS module)|Functional Cargo Block|ISS}}
[[File:ISS Zvezda module-small.jpg|thumb|DOS-8 (''[[Zvezda (ISS module)|Zvezda]]'' ISS module)]]

'''DOS-8''' evolved into the [[Mir-2]] project, intended to replace ''Mir''. Finally, it became the International Space Station (ISS) [[Zvezda (ISS module)|''Zvezda'' Service Module]] and formed the core of the early ISS together with the ''Zarya'' module (which was derived from Almaz Functional Cargo Block designs).