Editing Semantic Web (section)

==Applications==
The intent is to enhance the [[usability]] and usefulness of the Web and its interconnected [[resource (computer science)|resources]] by creating [[semantic web service]]s, such as:
* Servers that expose existing data systems using the RDF and SPARQL standards. Many converters to RDF exist from different applications.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/wiki/ConverterToRdf|title=ConverterToRdf - W3C Wiki|website=W3.org|access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> [[Relational database]]s are an important source. The semantic web server attaches to the existing system without affecting its operation.
* Documents "marked up" with semantic information (an [[Extensibility|extension]] of the HTML {{code|<meta>}} [[HTML element|tags]] used in today's Web pages to supply information for [[Web search engine]]s using [[web crawler]]s). This could be [[Artificial intelligence|machine-understandable]] information about the human-understandable content of the document (such as the creator, title, description, etc.) or it could be purely metadata representing a set of facts (such as resources and services elsewhere on the site). Note that ''anything'' that can be identified with a ''Uniform Resource Identifier'' (URI) can be described, so the semantic web can reason about animals, people, places, ideas, etc.  There are four semantic annotation formats that can be used in HTML documents; Microformat, RDFa, Microdata and [[JSON-LD]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Mastering Structured Data on the Semantic Web: From HTML5 Microdata to Linked Open Data|last = Sikos|first = Leslie F.|publisher = Apress|year = 2015|isbn = 978-1-4842-1049-9|pages = 23}}</ref> Semantic markup is often generated automatically, rather than manually.
[[File:Revision histories of argumentative claims from the online debate platform Kialo (collaborative refinement for optimal arguments).png|thumb|Arguments as distinct semantic units with specified relations and version control on [[Kialo]]]]
* Common metadata vocabularies ([[Ontology (information science)|ontologies]]) and maps between vocabularies that allow document creators to know how to mark up their documents so that agents can use the information in the supplied metadata (so that ''Author'' in the sense of 'the Author of the page' will not be confused with ''Author'' in the sense of a book that is the subject of a book review).
* Automated agents to perform tasks for users of the semantic web using this data.
* [[Semantic translation]]. An alternative or complementary approach are improvements to contextual and semantic understanding of texts – these could be aided via Semantic Web methods so that only increasingly small numbers of mistranslations need to be corrected [[Machine translation#Neural MT|in manual or semi-automated post-editing]].
* Web-based services (often with agents of their own) to supply information specifically to agents, for example, a [[Trust service]] that an agent could ask if some online store has a history of poor service or [[spamming]].
* Semantic Web ideas are implemented in collaborative structured [[argument map]]ping sites where their relations are organized semantically, arguments can be mirrored (linked) to multiple places, reused (copied), rated, and [[version control software|changed]] as semantic distinct units. Ideas for such, or a more widely adopted "World Wide Argument Web", go back to at least 2007<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kiesel |first1=Johannes |last2=Lang |first2=Kevin |last3=Wachsmuth |first3=Henning |last4=Hornecker |first4=Eva |last5=Stein |first5=Benno |title=Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval |chapter=Investigating Expectations for Voice-based and Conversational Argument Search on the Web |date=14 March 2020 |pages=53–62 |doi=10.1145/3343413.3377978 |publisher=ACM |isbn=9781450368926 |s2cid=212676751 |language=en}}</ref> and have been implemented to some degree in [[Argüman]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vetere |first1=Guido |title=L'impossibile necessità delle piattaforme sociali decentralizzate |journal=DigitCult - Scientific Journal on Digital Cultures |date=30 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |doi=10.4399/97888255159096}}</ref> and [[Kialo]]. Further steps towards semantic web services may include enabling "Querying", argument search engines,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bikakis |first1=Antonis |last2=Flouris |first2=Giorgos |last3=Patkos |first3=Theodore |last4=Plexousakis |first4=Dimitris |title=Sketching the vision of the Web of Debates |journal=Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence |date=2023 |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/frai.2023.1124045 |pmid=37396970 |pmc=10313200 |issn=2624-8212 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and "summarizing the contentious and agreed-upon points of a discussion".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=Jodi |last2=Groza |first2=Tudor |last3=Passant |first3=Alexandre |title=A Review of Argumentation for the Social Semantic Web |url=https://www.semantic-web-journal.net/sites/default/files/swj138_2.pdf}}</ref>

Such services could be useful to public search engines, or could be used for [[knowledge management]] within an organization.  Business applications include:
* Facilitating the integration of information from mixed sources<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Chuanrong |last2=Zhao |first2=Tian |last3=Li |first3=Weidong |title=Geospatial Semantic Web |date=2015 |publisher=Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer |isbn=978-3-319-17801-1}}</ref> 
* Dissolving ambiguities in corporate terminology
* Improving [[information retrieval]] thereby reducing [[information overload]] and increasing the refinement and precision of the data retrieved<ref>Omar Alonso and Hugo Zaragoza. 2008. Exploiting semantic annotations in information retrieval: ESAIR '08. SIGIR Forum 42, 1 (June 2008), 55–58. {{doi|10.1145/1394251.1394262}}</ref><ref>Jaap Kamps, [[Jussi Karlgren]], and Ralf Schenkel. 2011. Report on the third workshop on exploiting semantic annotations in information retrieval (ESAIR). SIGIR Forum 45, 1 (May 2011), 33–41. {{doi|10.1145/1988852.1988858}}</ref><ref>Jaap Kamps, [[Jussi Karlgren]], Peter Mika, and Vanessa Murdock. 2012. Fifth workshop on exploiting semantic annotations in information retrieval: ESAIR '12). In Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on information and knowledge management (CIKM '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2772–2773. {{doi|10.1145/2396761.2398761}}</ref><ref>Omar Alonso, Jaap Kamps, and [[Jussi Karlgren]]. 2015. Report on the Seventh Workshop on Exploiting Semantic Annotations in Information Retrieval (ESAIR '14). SIGIR Forum 49, 1 (June 2015), 27–34. {{doi|10.1145/2795403.2795412}}</ref>
* Identifying relevant information with respect to a given domain<ref>{{cite journal
| ref         = Kuriakose2009
| last        = Kuriakose
| first       = John
|date=September 2009
| title       = Understanding and Adopting Semantic Web Technology
| journal     = Cutter IT Journal
| volume      = 22
| issue       = 9
| pages       = 10–18
| publisher   = CUTTER INFORMATION CORP.
  |url=http://www.cutter.com/itjournal/fulltext/2009/09/itj0909b.html
}}</ref>
* Providing decision making support

In a corporation, there is a closed group of users and the management is able to enforce company guidelines like the adoption of specific ontologies and use of [[semantic annotation]]. Compared to the public Semantic Web there are lesser requirements on [[scalability]] and the information circulating within a company can be more trusted in general; privacy is less of an issue outside of handling of customer data.