Editing Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (section)

==Improvements==
{{For|the "Improved SAGE environment"{{r|NORAD1959B}}{{rp|69}} with underground SAGE bunkers (e.g., in the [[Denver Air Defense Sector]]) for the "[[transistor]]ized, solid-state"<!--{{r|Schaffel}}{{rp|264}}--> [[AN/FSQ-32]] systems (never deployed)|Super Combat Center}}
Partially solid-state AN/FST-2B and later <!--[http://www.radomes.org/museum/equip.php  http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/USAF-RadarStationVeterans/message/50431 Burroughs AN/FYQ-47 Radar Data Processing System]-->AN/FYQ-47 computers replaced{{When|date=February 2013}} the AN/FST-2,{{r|FYQ47}} and sectors without AN/FSQ-7 centrals requiring a "[[Command, control, and coordination system|weapon direction control device]]" for USAF air defense used the solid-state [[Martin AN/GSG-5 Battery Integration and Radar Display Equipment|AN/GSG-5]] [[Command, control, and coordination system|CCCS]] instead of the [[General Electric AN/GPA-73 Air Weapons Control System|AN/GPA-73]] recommended by ADC in June 1958. [[Back-Up Interceptor Control]] (BUIC){{r|NORAD1958B}} with [[General Electric AN/GPA-37 Course Directing Group|CCCS dispersed to radar stations]] for survivability<!--Schaffel--> allowed a diminished but functional SAGE capability.  In 1962, Burroughs "won the contract to provide a military version of its [[Symmetric multiprocessing#Mid-level systems|D825" modular data processing system]]{{r|SMECC}} for [[Burroughs AN/GSA-51 Radar Course Directing Group|BUIC II]].{{r|Winkler}}<!--p. 44--> BUIC II was first used at [[North Truro Air Force Station|North Truro Z-10]] in 1966,{{r|Winkler}}<!--pdf 54--> and the Hamilton AFB BUIC II was installed in the former [[Manual Air Defense Control Center|MCC building]] when it was converted to a SAGE Combat Center in 1966 (CC-05).<ref name=Page>{{cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas E. |date=June 16, 2009 |title=title tbd |url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/vs-ibm-sage.html |format=anecdotal message post |publisher=Ed-Thelen.org |access-date=2013-02-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303150239/http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/vs-ibm-sage.html |archive-date=March 3, 2013 }}</ref>  On June 3, 1963, the Direction Centers at Marysville CA<!-- (DC-05, -17, or -18?)-->, Marquette/K I Sawyer AFB (DC-14) MI<!-- (DC-06 or -14?)-->,{{Specify|reason=Which DCs were at Marysville & Marquett?|date=April 2013}} Stewart AFB NY (DC-02), and Moses Lake WA (DC-15) were planned for closing{{r|Hazlitt}} and at the end of 1969, only 6 CONUS SAGE DCs remained (DC-03, -04, -10, -12, -20, & -21) all with the vacuum tube AN/FSQ-7 centrals.{{r|Winkler}}{{rp|47}}  In 1966, NORAD Combined Operations Center operations at Chidlaw transferred to the [[Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center]] (425L System) and in December 1963, the [[United States Department of Defense|DoD]] approved solid state replacement of [[Martin AN/FSG-1 Antiaircraft Defense System|Martin AN/FSG-1 centrals]]<ref name=LeonardV2>{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=Barry |year=2011 |title=History of Strategic and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume II: 1956–1972 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV2.pdf |format=Army.mil PDF - also [https://books.google.com/books?id=HoxycYhoKZkC&pg=PA320 available at Google Books] |access-date=2012-09-01 |quote=The missile and space surveillance and warning system currently{{Specify|The quote in this citation has "currently" for the "space computational center" of 427M that became operational 1979 and was replaced 1992 - Google Books shows a publishing date of 2011, http://www.history.army.mil/catalog/pubs/40/40-5.html shows it as published in 2009.|date=September 2012}} consists of five systems and a space computational center located in the NORAD Cheyenne Mountain complex. The five systems are: the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System; the [[Defense Support Program]] (DSP) formerly called Project 647; the [[Over-the-horizon radar#OTH systems|Forward Scatter over the Horizon Radar]] (440L system); the [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|Sea-Launched Ballistic Missile Warning System]]; and the [[Space Detection and Warning System]]. … 20 April The 425L system portion of the NORAD [[Cheyenne Mountain Complex]] (NCMC) became fully operational. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921214933/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV2.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-21 }}</ref>{{Rp|317}} with the AN/GSG-5 and subsequent [[Hughes AN/TSQ-51 Air Defense Command and Coordination System|Hughes AN/TSQ-51]]. The "416L/M/N Program Office" at [[Hanscom Field]]<ref name=Israel>{{Cite report |last=Israel |first=David. R. |date=January 1965 |title=System Design and Engineering for Real-Time Military Data Processing Systems |url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD0610392 |format=AD610392, Technical Documentary Report ESD-TDR-64-168, SR-124 |location=Bedford, Massachusetts |publisher=The MITRE Corporation |access-date=2013-04-20 |quote=To be more specific,  I have in mind something like the [[General Electric AN/GPA-73 Air Weapons Control System|BADGE system]];<!--see 1958 July-December NORAD history--> in U.S. experience, examples would be SAGE, [[To be determined|412L]],{{Specify|reason=The name of Program 412L (a lower number than SAGE 416L) needs identified.|date=April 2013}} or the NORAD COC … The early development of SAGE was hampered by the fact that the radars were not considered as a part of the system. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706164513/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD0610392 |archive-date=2013-07-06 }}</ref> had deployed the BUIC III by 1971 (e.g., to [[Fallon Naval Air Station|Fallon NAS]]),<ref name=IAODTE>{{Cite report |year=1970 |orig-year=circa |title=Proposed IAO/DTE Resource Availability |quote=An [[Tonopah Air Force Station|Air Force radar facility at Tonopah, Nevada]] is being released by the Air Force to the Federal Aviation Agency. … ADC has a BUIC III radar facility installed and operating at [[Fallon Naval Air Station|Fallon]]. This semi-automated ground environment system permits several other radars to be tied into it.}}</ref> and the initial BUIC systems were phased out 1974–5.{{r|SMECC}}  ADC had been renamed Aerospace Defense Command on January 15, 1968,<ref>{{Cite report |last=McMullen |first=Richard F |year=1973 |title=The Aerospace Defense Command Anti-Bomber Defense, 1946–1962 |url=https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=%EF%BB%BFNorth+American+Air+Defense+Command+Historical+Summary:+January+-+June+1958%EF%BB%BF+site%3Awww.northcom.mil&oq=%EF%BB%BFNorth+American+Air+Defense+Command+Historical+Summary:+January+-+June+1958%EF%BB%BF+site%3Awww.northcom.mil&gs_l=serp.3…4665.10015.0.10346.22.22.0.0.0.1.1219.4653.0j18j2j0j1j7-1.22.0…0.0…1c.1.11.psy-ab.PtW1PnDduyg&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=94c1fca23fa8c111&biw=1600&bih=793 |volume=ADC Hist Study 39 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050720082857/http://www.google.com/#hl=en&sclient=psy-ab&q=%EF%BB%BFNorth+American+Air+Defense+Command+Historical+Summary:+January+-+June+1958%EF%BB%BF+site%3Awww.northcom.mil&oq=%EF%BB%BFNorth+American+Air+Defense+Command+Historical+Summary:+January+-+June+1958%EF%BB%BF+site%3Awww.northcom.mil&gs_l=serp.3…4665.10015.0.10346.22.22.0.0.0.1.1219.4653.0j18j2j0j1j7-1.22.0…0.0…1c.1.11.psy-ab.PtW1PnDduyg&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=94c1fca23fa8c111&biw=1600&bih=793 |archive-date=2005-07-20 }} (cited by Schaffel)</ref> and its general surveillance radar stations transferred to [[Air Defense, Tactical Air Command|ADTAC]] in 1979 when the ADC major command was broken up (space surveillance stations went to SAC and the [[Aerospace Defense Center]] was activated as a [[Direct Reporting Unit|DRU]].)