Editing Shift work (section)

===Medications===
[[Melatonin]] may increase sleep length during both daytime and nighttime sleep in people who work night shifts. [[Zopiclone]] has also been investigated as a potential treatment, but it is unclear if it is effective in increasing daytime sleep time in shift workers. There are, however, no reports of adverse effects.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Liira|first1=J|last2=Verbeek|first2=JH|last3=Costa|first3=G|last4=Driscoll|first4=TR|last5=Sallinen|first5=M|last6=Isotalo|first6=LK|last7=Ruotsalainen|first7=JH|title=Pharmacological interventions for sleepiness and sleep disturbances caused by shift work.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=Aug 12, 2014|volume=2014|issue=8|pages=CD009776|pmid=25113164|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009776.pub2|pmc=10025070}}</ref>

[[Modafinil]] and [[R-modafinil]] are useful to improve alertness and reduce sleepiness in shift workers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Morgenthaler|first1=TI|last2=Lee-Chiong|first2=T|last3=Alessi|first3=C|last4=Friedman|first4=L|last5=Aurora|first5=RN|last6=Boehlecke|first6=B|last7=Brown|first7=T|last8=Chesson AL|first8=Jr|last9=Kapur|first9=V|last10=Maganti|first10=R|last11=Owens|first11=J|last12=Pancer|first12=J|last13=Swick|first13=TJ|last14=Zak|first14=R|last15=Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep|first15=Medicine|title=Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report.|journal=Sleep|date=Nov 2007|volume=30|issue=11|pages=1445–59|pmid=18041479|pmc=2082098|doi=10.1093/sleep/30.11.1445}}</ref> Modafinil has a low risk of abuse compared to other similar agents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wisor |first1=Jonathan |title=Modafinil as a Catecholaminergic Agent: Empirical Evidence and Unanswered Questions |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |date=2013 |volume=4 |pages=139 |pmid=24109471 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2013.00139 |pmc=3791559 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, 10% more participants reported adverse effects (nausea and headache) while taking modafinil. In post-marketing surveillance, modafinil was associated with [[Stevens–Johnson syndrome]]. The European Medicines Agency withdrew the license for modafinil for shift workers for the European market because it judged that the benefits did not outweigh the adverse effects.<ref name=":0"/>

Using [[caffeine]] and naps before night shifts can decrease sleepiness.<!--<ref name=":0" /> --> Caffeine has also been shown to reduce errors made by shift workers.<ref name=":0" />