Editing Sialkot (section)

=== Modern ===
====British====
[[File:Iqbal.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Muhammad Iqbal]], the philosopher-poet credited inspiring the [[Pakistan Movement]], was born in Sialkot in 1877.]]
Sialkot, along with Punjab as a whole, was captured by the British following their victory over the Sikhs at the [[Battle of Gujrat]] in February 1849. During the British era, an official is known as The Resident who would, in theory, advise the Maharaja of [[Kashmir]] would reside in Sialkot during the wintertime.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ingall|first1=Francis|title=The Last of the Bengal Lancers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gW5-AwAAQBAJ&q=sialkot&pg=PA71|date=1989|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=9781473815872|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

During the [[Sepoy Mutiny]] of 1857, the two Bengal regiments based in Sialkot rebelled against the [[East India Company]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Kim A.|last=Wagner|page=105|title=The Skull of Alum Beg. The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-087023-2}}</ref> while their native servants also took up arms against the British.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaye|first1=John|title=Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny of 1857-8|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108023245|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TogAVyystu0C&q=sialkot&pg=PA472|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> 

In 1877, the Sialkot native poet [[Allama Iqbal]], who is credited for inspiring the [[Pakistan Movement]], was born into a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] family that had converted to [[Islam]] from [[Hinduism]] in the early 1400s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svYphqj8h7UC&q=iqbal+sialkot+kashmiri+hindu&pg=PA1|title=Iqbal: Makers of Islamic Civilization|last=Mir|first=Mustansir|date=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781845110949}}</ref> He is considered to be one of the leading [[Islamic thought]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Azad |first=Hasan |date=2014 |title=Reconstructing the Muslim Self: Muhammad Iqbal, Khudi, and the Modern Self |journal=Islamophobia Studies Journal |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=14–28 |doi=10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0014 |jstor=10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> leaders and [[Islamic revivalist|Islamic revivalists]]<ref name="IqbalSinghZakaria1981">{{citation |last1=Iqbal |first1=Sir Muhammad |title=Shikwa and Jawab-i-shikwa |year=1981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeiAAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en, ur |isbn=978-0-19-561324-7 |quote="Iqbal it is true, is essentially a poet of Islam" (from the foreword by Rafiq Zakaria, p. 9) |last2=Zakaria |first2=Rafiq |author-link1= |author-link2=Rafiq Zakaria |translator-last=Singh |translator-first=Khushwant}}</ref><ref name="Robinson1996">{{citation |last=Robinson |first=Francis |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World |pages=283– |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz5kgjMDnOIC&pg=PA283 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66993-1 |quote=In India, the ghazal and mathnawi forms were adapted in Urdu to express new social and ideological concerns, beginning in the work of the poet Altaf Husayn Hali (1837–1914) and continuing in the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938). In the poetry of Iqbal, which he wrote in Persian, to speak to a wider Muslim audience, as well as Urdu, a memory of the past achievements of Islam is combined with a plea for reform. He is considered the greatest Urdu poet of the twentieth century.}}</ref> of the 20th century, and is also widely regarded as having animated the pulse for the Pakistan Movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bentlage |first1=Björn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA267 |title=Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism: A Sourcebook |last2=Eggert |first2=Marion |last3=Krämer |first3=Hans-Martin |last4=Reichmuth |first4=Stefan |date=2016-10-11 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-32900-3 |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lelyveld-Martin20042">{{citation |last=Lelyveld |first=David |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L |page=356 |year=2004 |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |chapter=Muhammad Iqbal |chapter-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/iqbal-muhammad-c-1877-1938 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-865604-5 |quote=Muhammad Iqbal, South Asian poet and ideological innovator, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian and discursive prose, primarily in English, of particular significance in the formulation of a national ethos for Pakistan.}}</ref><ref name="Sevea2012-22">{{citation |last=Sevea |first=Iqbal Singh |title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India |pages=14– |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrItm_F6wncC&pg=PA14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00886-1 |quote=In 1930, he presided over the meeting of the All-India Muslim League in Allahabad. It was here that he delivered his famous address in which he outlined his vision of a cultural and political framework that would ensure the fullest development of the Muslims of India.}}</ref><ref name="Sheikh">{{cite book |last=Sheikh |first=Naveed Shahzad |title=The New Politics of Islam: Pan-Islamic Foreign Policy in a World of States |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-44453-8 |page=83}}</ref> The leading religiopolitical slogan for the Pakistan Movement, '''[[Pakistan Ka Matlab Kya La Ilaha Illallah|Pakistan ka matlab kya, La Illaha Il-Allah]]''' was coined in 1943 by another Sialkot native poet, [[Asghar Sodai]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ḥasan |first=Khālid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgxlAAAAMAAJ&q=Pakistan+ka+matlab+kya |title=Remembrances |publisher=Vanguard |year=2001 |isbn=9789694023526 |accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-14 |title=An unsung national hero |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/261147/an-unsung-national-hero |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asghar Sodayee, The Creator Of Famous Pakistan Movement Slogan |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/asghar-sodayee-the-creator-of-famous-pakista-1511652.html |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=UrduPoint |language=en}}</ref> 

In [[August 1947]], nine years after Iqbal's death, the [[partition of India]] gave way to the establishment of [[Pakistan]], a newly independent [[Islamic state]] in which Iqbal is honoured as the [[national poet]]. He is also known in Pakistani society as ''{{Transliteration|ur|Hakim ul-Ummat}}'' ({{Literal translation|The Wise Man of the [[Ummah]]}}) and as {{Transliteration|ur|Mufakkir-e-Pakistan}} ({{Literal translation|The Thinker of Pakistan}}).<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan2">{{Cite web |title=Allama Muhammad Iqbal |url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223540/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/ |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=10 March 2004 |website=www.allamaiqbal.com}}</ref> The anniversary of his birth (''Yom-e Weladat-e Muḥammad Iqbal''), 9 November, is observed as a [[Public holidays in Pakistan|public holiday in Pakistan]].<ref>Justice Dr. [[Nasim Hasan Shah]], "Role of Iqbal in the creation of Pakistan" in ''The All-Pakistan Legal Decisions'', Volume 35, Part 1, 1983, p. 208</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-05 |title=Public holidays in Pakistan - Local Pakistan |url=https://www.local.com.pk/working/public-holidays/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.local.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Iqbal Manzil.jpg|thumb|Iqbal Manzil the residence of Allama Iqbal.]]

Sialkot's modern prosperity began during the colonial era.<ref name="Anwar">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNUaBgAAQBAJ&q=1930s+in+Faisalabad&pg=PT119 | title=Infrastructure Redux: Crisis, Progress in Industrial Pakistan & Beyond | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | author=Nausheen Anwar | year=2014 | page=119 | location=Pakistan | isbn=978-1-137-44818-7}}</ref> The city had been known for its paper making and ironworks prior to the colonial era,<ref name="Anwar" /> and became a centre of metalwork in the 1890s. Surgical instruments were being manufactured in Sialkot for use throughout [[British India]] by the 1920s. The city also became a centre for sports goods manufacturing for British troops stationed along with the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|North West Frontier]] due to the availability of nearby timber reserves.<ref name="Anwar" />

The British-Raj fought in [[Second Boer War|The Second Boer War]]. A concentration camp in Sialkot held the detained [[Second Boer War concentration camps|Boer Prisoners-of-War]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1833 |title=Nicolaas Marthinus Janse van Rensburg |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Nicolaas-Marthinus-Janse-van-Rensburg/6000000025860330867 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1870-11-09 |title=Cornelis Petrus van Zyl |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Cornelis-Petrus-van-Zyl/6000000147006199403 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US}}</ref>

As a result of the city's prosperity, large numbers of migrants from [[Jammu region]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] came to the city in search of employment.<ref name="Anwar" /> At the end of [[World War II]], the city was considered the second most industrialised in [[British Punjab]], after Amritsar.<ref name="Anwar"/> Much of the city's infrastructure was paid for by local taxes,<ref name="Anwar"/> and the city was one of the few in British India to have its own electric utility company.<ref name="Anwar" />

====Partition====
The couplet and religiopolitical slogan '''[[Pakistan Ka Matlab Kya La Ilaha Illallah|Pakistan ka matlab kya, La Illaha Il-Allah]]''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|پاکستان کا مطلب کیا لاالہ الا اللہ}}}} — ; ''lit.'' ''What does Pakistan mean?... [[Shahada|There is no God but Allah]]'') was a couplet and political slogan coined in 1943 by Sialkot born and raised poet [[Pakistan Ka Matlab Kya La Ilaha Illallah|Asghar Sodai]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ayres |first=Alyssa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C&pg=PA194 |title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-51931-1 |page=194}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-14 |title=An unsung national hero |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/261147/an-unsung-national-hero |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asghar Sodayee, The Creator Of Famous Pakistan Movement Slogan |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/asghar-sodayee-the-creator-of-famous-pakista-1511652.html |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=UrduPoint |language=en}}</ref> The slogan became a battle cry and greeting for the [[Muslim League (Opposition)|Muslim League]], which was struggling for an [[Pakistan Movement|independent country for the Muslims of South Asia]], when [[World War II]] ended and the independence movement geared up.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ḥasan |first=Khālid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgxlAAAAMAAJ&q=Pakistan+ka+matlab+kya |title=Remembrances |publisher=Vanguard |year=2001 |isbn=9789694023526 |accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref> This slogan shows the religious identity of Pakistan too.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ayres |first=Alyssa |title=Religion and Conflict in South and Southeast Asia: Disrupting Violence |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-134-15306-0 |editor1=Linell E. Cady |page=111 |chapter=Religious Violence beyond Borders |editor2=Sheldon W. Simon |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccJ8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111}}</ref>

The first communal riots between Hindus/Sikhs and Muslims took place on 24 June 1946,<ref name="azadi">{{cite book|last1=Nahal|first1=Chaman|title=Azadi|date=2001|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780141007502}}</ref> a day after the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan as a separate state. Sialkot remained peaceful for several months while communal riots had erupted in [[Lahore]], [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]], and [[Rawalpindi]].<ref name="azadi"/> The predominantly Muslim population supported [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and the [[Pakistan Movement]].

While Muslim refugees had poured into the city escaping riots elsewhere, Sialkot's Hindu and Sikh communities began fleeing in the opposite direction towards India.<ref name="azadi"/> They initially congregated in fields outside the city, where some of Sialkot's Muslims would bid farewell to departing friends.<ref name="azadi"/> Hindu and Sikh refugees were unable to exit Pakistan towards Jammu on account of conflict in Kashmir, and were instead required to transit via Lahore.<ref name="azadi"/>

====Post-independence====
After independence in 1947 the [[Hindu]] and Sikh minorities migrated to India, while Muslim refugees from India settled in Sialkot. The city had suffered significant losses as a result of communal rioting that erupted because of Partition.<ref name="anwar"/> 80% of Sialkot's industry had been destroyed or abandoned, and the working capital fell by an estimated 90%.<ref name="anwar"/> The city was further stressed by the arrival of 200,000 migrants, mostly from [[Jammu]],<ref name="anwar"/> who had arrived in the city.<ref name="anwar"/>

Following the demise of industry in the city, the government of [[West Pakistan]] prioritised the re-establishment of Punjab's decimated industrial base.<ref name="anwar"/> The province lead infrastructure projects in the area, and allotted abandoned properties to newly arrived refugees.<ref name="anwar"/> Local entrepreneurs also rose to fill the vacuum created by the departure of Hindu and Sikh businessmen.<ref name="anwar"/> By the 1960s, the provincial government laid extensive new roadways in the district, and connected it to trunk roads to link the region to the seaport in [[Karachi]].<ref name="anwar"/>

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], when Pakistani troops arrived in Kashmir, the Indian Army counterattacked in the Sialkot Sector. The Pakistan Army successfully defended the city and the people of Sialkot came out in full force to support the troops.<ref name="Book">K Conboy, "Elite Forces of India and Pakistan" {{ISBN|1-85532-209-9}}, page 9</ref> In 1966, [[Government of Pakistan]] awarded a special flag of [[Hilal-e-Istaqlal]] to Sialkot, along with [[Lahore]] and [[Sargodha]] in Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]for showing severe resistance in front of enemy as these cities were target of enemy's advances.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commemorating Sept 1965: Nation celebrates Defence Day with fervour|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/601035/commemorating-sept-1965-nation-celebrates-defence-day-with-fervour|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=7 September 2013}}</ref> Every year on [[Defence Day]], this flag is hoisted in these cities as a symbol of recognition of the will, courage and perseverance of the dwellers of these cities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defence Day celebrated with renewed pledges|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/56110/defence-day-celebrated-with-renewed-pledges|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=7 September 2002}}</ref> The armoured battles in the Sialkot sector like the [[Battle of Chawinda]] were the most intense since the [[Second World War]].<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060503042035/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Synopsis.html The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965]'', Synopsis. Retrieved 26 May 2008 at the [[Internet Archive]]</ref>