Editing Social exchange theory (section)

==Theoretical propositions==

=== Ivan Nye ===
Ivan Nye came up with twelve theoretical propositions that aid in understanding the exchange theory.<ref name="McDonell, J 2006"/>
# Rewards being equal, they choose alternatives from which they anticipate the fewest costs.
# Immediate outcomes being equal, they choose those alternatives that promise better long-term outcomes.
# Long-term outcomes being perceived as equal, they choose alternatives providing better immediate outcomes.
# Costs and other rewards being equal, individuals choose the alternatives that supply or can be expected to supply the most social approval (or those that promise the least social disapproval).
# Costs and other rewards being equal, individuals choose statuses and relationships that provide the most autonomy.
# Other rewards and costs equal, individuals choose alternatives characterized by the least ambiguity in terms of expected future events and outcomes.
# Other costs and rewards equal, they choose alternatives that offer the most security for them.
# Other rewards and costs equal, they choose to associate with, marry, and form other relationships with those whose values and opinions generally are in agreement with their own and reject or avoid those with whom they chronically disagree.
# Other rewards and costs equal, they are more likely to associate with, marry, and form other relationships with their equals, than those above or below them. (Equality here is viewed as the sum of abilities, performances, characteristics, and statuses that determine one's desirability in the social marketplace.)
# In industrial societies, other costs and rewards equal, individuals choose alternatives that promise the greatest financial gains for the least financial expenditures.

In his article published in 1978, Nye originally proposed seven propositions that were common in all types of relationship. A few years later he would expand the propositions to a total of twelve. The first five propositions listed are classified as general propositions and are substance free-meaning, the propositions themselves can stand alone within the theory. Proposition number six has been identified by scholars as a notion that there is a general assumption of a need for social approval as a reward and can therefore act as a drive force behind actions. Proposition seven will only work if the individual has the freedom to be excluded from outside factors while in a social exchange relationship. The twelfth and final proposition is directed towards the way our society has a heightened value placed on monetary funds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nye |first1=F. Ivan |title=Is Choice and Exchange Theory the Key? |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |date=1978 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=219–233 |doi=10.2307/350754 |jstor=350754 }}</ref>

===Homans===
Even though Homans took an [[individualistic]] approach, a major goal of his work was to explicate the micro-foundations of social structures and social exchange. By studying such forms of behavior he hoped to illuminate the informal sub-institutional bases of more complex social behavior, typically more formal and often institutionalized.<ref name=Cook/> According to Homans, [[social structures]] emerge from elementary forms of behavior. His vision of the underpinnings of social structure and institutional forms is linked to the actions of individuals, for example to their responses to rewarding and punishment circumstances.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=K. S. |last2=Whitmeyer |first2=J. M. |title=Two Approaches to Social Structure: Exchange Theory and Network Analysis |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |date=August 1992 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=109–127 |doi=10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.000545 |jstor=2083448 }}</ref>

Homans developed five key propositions that assist in structuring individuals' behaviors based on rewards and costs. This set of theoretical ideas represents the core of Homans's version of social exchange theory.<ref name=Cook/>
*The first proposition: the success proposition states that behavior that creates positive outcomes is likely to be repeated.
* The second proposition: the stimulus proposition believes that if an individual's behavior is rewarded in the past, the individual will continue the previous behavior.
*The third proposition: the value proposition believes that if the result of a behavioral action is considered valuable to the individual, it is more likely for that behavior to occur.
*The fourth proposition: the deprivation-satiation proposition believes that if an individual has received the same reward several times, the value of that reward will diminish.
*The fifth proposition discusses when emotions occur due to different reward situations. Those who receive more than they expect or do not receive anticipated punishment will be happy and will behave approvingly.<ref name=Cook/>

=== Frazer ===
Based on economics, Frazer's theory about social exchange emphasizes the importance of power and status differentiations in social exchange. Frazer's theory had a particular interest in the cross-cousin marriage.

=== Malinowski ===
With his Kula exchange, Malinowski drew a sharp differentiation between economic exchange and social exchange. Using his Kula exchange, Malinowski states that the motives of exchange can be mainly social and psychological.

=== Mauss ===
Mauss's theory tries to identify the role played by morality and religion in the social exchange. Mauss argues the exchange found in the society is influenced by social behaviors, while morality and religion influence all aspects of life.

=== Bohannan ===
Bohannan focuses his theory on economic problems such as multi-centrism, and modes of exchange. He contributed to the social exchange theory finding the role and function of markets in tribal subsistence economies, makes a distinction of economic redistribution and market exchange from social relationships.

=== Polanyi ===
He proposes three principles to create a new idea for socioeconomic change, transforming traditional economies, and political economic development. These principles are: reciprocity, redistribution and marketing.

=== Sahlins ===
He presents the idea that the economy is a category of behavior instead of just a simple category of culture.