Editing Structuration theory (section)

===Post-structuration and dualism===
[[Margaret Archer]] objected to the inseparability of [[structure and agency]] in structuration theory.<ref name="Archer">Archer, M. (1995). ''Realist social theory: The morphogenetic approach.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> She proposed a notion of ''dualism'' rather than "duality of structure". She primarily examined structural frameworks and the action within the limits allowed by those conditions. She combined realist ontology and called her methodology ''analytical dualism''. Archer maintained that structure precedes agency in social structure reproduction and analytical importance, and that they should be analysed separately. She emphasised the importance of temporality in social analysis, dividing it into four stages: structural conditioning, social interaction, its immediate outcome and structural elaboration. Thus her analysis considered embedded "structural conditions, emergent causal powers and properties, social interactions between agents, and subsequent structural changes or reproductions arising from the latter."<ref name="Structuration theory" /> Archer criticised structuration theory for denying time and place because of the inseparability between structure and agency.<ref name="Structuration theory" />

[[Nicos Mouzelis]] reconstructed Giddens' original theories.<ref name="Conceptualising constraint">Healy, K. (1998). "Conceptualising constraint: Mouzelis, Archer, and the concept of social structure." ''Sociology, 613''(4), pp.613-635.</ref> Mouzelis kept Giddens' original formulation of structure as "rules and resources." However, he was considered a dualist, because he argued for dualism to be as important in social analysis as the duality of structure.<ref name="Restructuring structuration theory">Mouzelis, N. (1989). "Restructuring structuration theory." ''The Sociological Review, 32''(3), pp.509-522.</ref> Mouzelis reexamined human social action at the "[[Syntagmatic analysis|syntagmatic]]" (syntactic) level. He claimed that the duality of structure does not account for all types of social relationships. Duality of structure works when agents do not question or disrupt rules, and interaction resembles "natural/performative" actions with a practical orientation. However, in other contexts, the relationship between structure and agency can resemble dualism more than duality, such as systems that are the result of powerful agents. In these situations, rules are not viewed as resources, but are in states of transition or redefinition, where actions are seen from a "strategic/monitoring orientation."<ref name="Back to sociological theory" />{{rp|28}} In this orientation, dualism shows the distance between agents and structures. He called these situations "syntagmatic duality". For example, a professor can change the class he or she teaches, but has little capability to change the larger university structure. "In that case, syntagmatic duality gives way to syntagmatic dualism."<ref name="Back to sociological theory">Mouzelis, N. (1991). ''Back to sociological theory: The construction of social orders.'' New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.</ref>{{rp|28}} This implies that systems are the outcome, but not the medium, of social actions. Mouzelis also criticised Giddens' lack of consideration for social hierarchies.

John Parker built on Archer and Mouzelis's support for dualism to propose a theoretical reclamation of historical sociology and macro-structures using concrete historical cases, claiming that dualism better explained the dynamics of social structures.<ref name="Parker structuration theory">Parker, J. (2000). ''Structuration'' Buckingham: Open University Press.</ref> Equally, Robert Archer developed and applied analytical dualism in his critical analysis of the impact of New Managerialism on education policy in England and Wales during the 1990s<ref>{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=Robert |title=Education policy and realist social theory : primary teachers, child-centred philosophy and new managerialism. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415464338 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Education-Policy-and-Realist-Social-Theory-Primary-Teachers-Child-Centred/Archer/p/book/9780415464338|date=2007-12-24 }}</ref> and organization theory.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Archer |first1=Robert |title=The Place of Culture in Organization Theory: Introducing the Morphogenetic Approach |journal=Organization |date=2000 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=95–128 |doi=10.1177/135050840071006 |s2cid=145352259 |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/135050840071006}}</ref>