Editing Transfer RNA (section)

==History==
The existence of tRNA was first hypothesized by [[Francis Crick]] as the "[[adaptor hypothesis]]" based on the assumption that there must exist an adapter molecule capable of mediating the translation of the RNA alphabet into the protein alphabet. [[Paul C Zamecnik]], [[Mahlon Hoagland]], and [[Mary Louise Stephenson]] discovered tRNA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zamecnik |first=Paul Charles |title=Effect of increasing concentrations of ATP on the incorporation of C14-ATP into RNA of pH 5 fraction |url=https://collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/items/show/18025 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=collections.countway.harvard.edu |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Discovery of tRNA by Paul C. Zamecnik|first1=Nicole|last1=Kresge|first2=Robert D.|last2=Simoni|first3=Robert L.|last3=Hill|date=October 7, 2005|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=280|issue=40|pages=e37–e39|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(20)79029-0|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoagland |first=Mahlon B. |date=1959 |title=Nucleic Acids and Proteins |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24941182 |journal=Scientific American |volume=201 |issue=6 |pages=55–61 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1259-55 |jstor=24941182 |pmid=14402122 |bibcode=1959SciAm.201f..55H |issn=0036-8733|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Significant research on structure was conducted in the early 1960s by [[Alex Rich]] and [[Donald Caspar]], two researchers in Boston, the Jacques Fresco group in [[Princeton University]] and a [[United Kingdom]] group at [[King's College London]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clark BF | title = The crystal structure of tRNA | journal = Journal of Biosciences | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 453–457 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17206065 | doi = 10.1007/BF02705184 | s2cid = 19558731 | url = http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/oct2006/453.pdf }}</ref> In 1965, [[Robert W. Holley]] of [[Cornell University]] reported the primary structure and suggested three secondary structures.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Holley RW, Apgar J, Everett GA, Madison JT, Marquisee M, Merrill SH, Penswick JR, Zamir A | journal = Science | volume = 147 | issue = 3664 | pages = 1462–1465 | date = March 1965 | pmid = 14263761 | doi = 10.1126/science.147.3664.1462 | bibcode = 1965Sci...147.1462H | title = Structure of a Ribonucleic Acid | s2cid = 40989800 }}</ref> tRNA was first crystallized in Madison, Wisconsin, by Robert M. Bock.<ref name="NYT1991">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/04/obituaries/robert-m-bock-67-biologist-and-a-dean.html|title=Obituary |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=July 4, 1991 |website=The New York Times }}</ref> The cloverleaf structure was ascertained by several other studies in the following years<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1968/holley/facts/ | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968: Robert W. Holley – Facts | author=<!--Not stated--> | year=2022 | access-date = 18 March 2022 | publisher = Nobel Prize Outreach AB}}</ref> and was finally confirmed using [[X-ray crystallography]] studies in 1974. Two independent groups, [[Kim Sung-Hou]] working under [[Alexander Rich]] and a British group headed by [[Aaron Klug]], published the same crystallography findings within a year.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ladner JE, Jack A, Robertus JD, Brown RS, Rhodes D, Clark BF, Klug A | title = Structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA at 2.5 A resolution | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 72 | issue = 11 | pages = 4414–4418 | date = November 1975 | pmid = 1105583 | pmc = 388732 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.72.11.4414 | bibcode = 1975PNAS...72.4414L | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim SH, Quigley GJ, Suddath FL, McPherson A, Sneden D, Kim JJ, Weinzierl J, Rich A | title = Three-dimensional structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA: folding of the polynucleotide chain | journal = Science | volume = 179 | issue = 4070 | pages = 285–288 | date = January 1973 | pmid = 4566654 | doi = 10.1126/science.179.4070.285 | bibcode = 1973Sci...179..285K | s2cid = 28916938 }}</ref>