Editing Tree line (section)

===Alpine tree lines===
[[File:Treeline elevation.gif|thumb|right|Treeline elevation by latitude<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Testolin|first1=Riccardo|last2=Attorre|first2=Fabio|last3=Jiménez-Alfaro|first3=Borja|year=2020|title=Global distribution and bioclimatic characterization of alpine biomes|journal=Ecography|volume=43|issue=6 |pages=779–788 |doi=10.1111/ecog.05012|bibcode=2020Ecogr..43..779T |hdl=11585/896830|hdl-access=free}}</ref>]]

The alpine tree line at a location is dependent on local variables, such as [[aspect (geography)|aspect]] of slope, [[rain shadow]] and proximity to either [[geographical pole]]. In addition, in some tropical or island localities, the lack of biogeographical access to species that have evolved in a [[subalpine zone|subalpine]] environment can result in lower tree lines than one might expect by climate alone.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

Averaging over many locations and local [[microclimate]]s, the treeline rises {{convert|75|m|ft|round=5}} when moving 1 degree south from 70 to 50°N, and {{convert|130|m|ft}} per degree from 50 to 30°N. Between 30°N and 20°S, the treeline is roughly constant, between {{convert|3500|and|4000|m|ft}}.<ref name=korner/>

Here is a list of approximate tree lines from locations around the globe:
{{clear right}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"|Location
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|Approx. latitude
!colspan=2|Approx. elevation of tree line
!rowspan="2" class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|(m)
! style="text-align:center;"|(ft)
|-
|[[Finnmarksvidda]], Norway
|data-sort-value="69"|69°N
| {{convert|500|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|At 71°N, near the coast, the tree-line is below sea level (Arctic tree line).
|-
|[[Abisko]], Sweden
|data-sort-value="68"|68°N
| {{convert|650|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|<ref name=korner/>
|-
|[[Chugach Mountains|Chugach Mountains, Alaska]]
|data-sort-value="61"|61°N
| {{convert|700|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Tree line around {{convert|1500|ft|m}} or lower in coastal areas
|-
|Southern Norway
|data-sort-value="61"|61°N
| {{convert|1100|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Much lower near the coast, down to {{convert|500|–|600|m|ft}}.
|-
|Scotland, United Kingdom
|data-sort-value="57"|57°N
| {{convert|500|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Strong maritime influence serves to cool summer and restrict tree growth<ref name="Scotland">{{Cite web |title=Action For Scotland's Biodiversity |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/314275/0099822.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|79}}
|-
|[[Northern Quebec]]
|data-sort-value="56"|56°N
| {{convert|0|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
| The cold [[Labrador Current]] originating in the arctic makes eastern Canada the sea-level region with the most southern tree-line in the northern hemisphere.
|-
|Southern [[Ural Mountains|Urals]]
|data-sort-value="55"|55°N
| {{convert|1100|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|
|-
|[[Canadian Rockies]]
|data-sort-value="51"|51°N
| {{convert|2400|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|
|-
|[[Tatra Mountains]]
|data-sort-value="49"|49°N
| {{convert|1600|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|
|-
|[[Olympic Mountains]], Washington, United States
|data-sort-value="47"|47°N
| {{convert|1500|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Heavy winter snowpack buries young trees until late summer
|-
|[[Swiss Alps]]
|data-sort-value="47"|47°N
| {{convert|2200|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|<ref name=korner1/>
|-
|[[Mount Katahdin]], [[Maine]], United States
|data-sort-value="46"|46°N
| {{convert|1150|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|
|-
|[[Eastern Alps]], Austria, Italy
|data-sort-value="46"|46°N
| {{convert|1750|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
| More exposure to [[Siberian High|cold Russian winds]] than Western Alps
|-
|[[Sikhote-Alin]], Russia
|data-sort-value="46"|46°N
| {{convert|1600|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
| <ref name="Sikhote">{{Cite web |title=Physiogeography of the Russian Far East |url=http://geobotanica.ru/PH_GEO/phys.html}}</ref>
|-
|Alps of [[Piedmont]], Northwestern Italy
|data-sort-value="45"|45°N
| {{convert|2100|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|-
|[[New Hampshire]], United States
|data-sort-value="44"|44°N
| {{convert|1350|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Washington State Park |url=http://www.nhstateparks.com/washington.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403200610/http://nhstateparks.com/washington.html |archive-date=2013-04-03 |access-date=2013-08-22 |publisher=New Hampshire State Parks |quote=Tree line, the elevation above which trees do not grow, is about 4,400 feet in the White Mountains, nearly 2,000 feet below the summit of Mt. Washington.}}</ref> Some peaks have even lower treelines because of fire and subsequent loss of soil, such as [[Grand Monadnock]] and [[Mount Chocorua]].
|-
|[[Wyoming]], United States
|data-sort-value="43"|43°N
| {{convert|3000|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|
|-
|[[Caucasus Mountains]]
|data-sort-value="42"|42°N
| {{convert|2400|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgia's natural resources and conservation |url=https://www.geostat.ge/media/19691/saqarTvelos-bunebrivi-resursebi-da-garemos-dacva_2008.pdf |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=geostat.ge |publisher=National Statistic Office of Georgia |language=ka}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rila]] and [[Pirin]] Mountains, [[Bulgaria]]
|data-sort-value="42"|42°N
| {{convert|2300|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
| Up to {{convert|2600|m|ft|abbr=on}} on favorable locations. [[Mountain Pine]] is the most common tree line species.
|-
|[[Pyrenees]] Spain, France, [[Andorra]]
|data-sort-value="42"|42°N
| {{convert|2300|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
| [[Mountain Pine]] is the tree line species
|-
|[[Steens Mountain]], [[Oregon]], US
|data-sort-value="42"|42°N
|{{convert|2500|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|-
|[[Wasatch Mountains]], [[Utah]], United States
|data-sort-value="40"|40°N
| {{convert|2900|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Higher (nearly {{convert|11,000|ft|m|disp=or}} in the [[Uintas]])
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Rocky Mountain National Park|Rocky Mountain NP]], [[Colorado|CO]], United States
| rowspan="2" data-sort-value="40"|40°N
| {{convert|3550|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|<ref name=korner/> On warm southwest slopes
|-
| {{convert|3250|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|On northeast slopes
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Yosemite National Park|Yosemite]], [[California|CA]], United States
| rowspan="2" data-sort-value="38"|38°N
| {{convert|3200|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|<ref name="Schoenherr">{{Cite book |last=Schoenherr |first=Allan A. |title=A Natural History of California |title-link=A Natural History of California |publisher=UC Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-520-06922-0}}</ref> West side of [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]]
|-
| {{convert|3600|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|<ref name=Schoenherr/> East side of Sierra Nevada
|-
|[[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]], Spain
|data-sort-value="37"|37°N
| {{convert|2400|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Precipitation low in summer
|-
|[[Japanese Alps]]
|data-sort-value="36"|36°N
| {{convert|2900|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|
|-
|[[Khumbu]], [[Himalaya]]
|data-sort-value="28"|28°N
| {{convert|4200|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|<ref name=korner/>
|-
|[[Yushan (mountain)|Yushan]], [[Taiwan]]
|data-sort-value="23"|23°N
|{{convert|3600|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|<ref name="Yushan">{{Cite web |title=台灣地帶性植被之區劃與植物區系之分區 |url=http://conservation.forest.gov.tw/public/Data/5111513445271.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129065554/http://conservation.forest.gov.tw/public/Data/5111513445271.PDF |archive-date=2014-11-29}}</ref> Strong winds and poor soil restrict further grow of trees.
|-
|[[Hawaii]], United States
|data-sort-value="20"|20°N
| {{convert|3000|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|<ref name=korner/> Geographic isolation and no local tree species with high tolerance to cold temperatures.
|-
|[[Pico de Orizaba]], Mexico
|data-sort-value="19"|19°N
| {{convert|4000|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|<ref name="korner1">{{Cite web |last=Körner |first=Ch |title=High Elevation Treeline Research |url=http://pages.unibas.ch/botschoen/treeline_elevation/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927151628/http://pages.unibas.ch/botschoen/treeline_elevation/index.shtml |archive-date=2011-09-27 |access-date=2010-06-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[Costa Rica]]
|data-sort-value="9.5"|9.5°N
| {{convert|3400|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|
|-
|[[Mount Kinabalu]], [[Borneo]]
|data-sort-value="6.1"|6.1°N
| {{convert|3400|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|<ref name="mount_kinabalu">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2016 |title=Mount Kinabalu National Park |url=http://www.ecologyasia.com/html-loc/mount-kinabalu.htm |access-date=6 September 2016 |website=www.ecologyasia.com |publisher=Ecology Asia}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mount Kilimanjaro]], [[Tanzania]]
|data-sort-value="-3"|3°S
| {{convert|3100|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|<ref name="korner">{{Cite journal |last=Körner |first=Ch |year=1998 |title=A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation |journal=Oecologia |volume=115 |issue=4 |pages=445–459 |bibcode=1998Oecol.115..445K |citeseerx=10.1.1.454.8501 |doi=10.1007/s004420050540 |pmid=28308263 |s2cid=8647814}}</ref> Upper limit of forest trees; woody ericaeous scrub grows up to 3900m
|-
|[[New Guinea]]
|data-sort-value="-6"|6°S
| {{convert|3850|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|<ref name=korner/>
|-
|[[Andes]], [[Peru]]
|data-sort-value="-11"|11°S
| {{convert|3900|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|East side; on west side tree growth is restricted by dryness
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Andes]], [[Bolivia]]
| rowspan="2" data-sort-value="-18" |18°S
| {{convert|5200|m|ft|disp=table}}
|Western Cordillera; highest treeline in the world on the slopes of [[Sajama Volcano]] (Polylepis tarapacana)
|-
| {{convert|4100|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Eastern Cordillera; treeline is lower because of lower solar radiation (more humid climate)
|-
|[[Sierra de Córdoba]], [[Argentina]]
|data-sort-value="-31"|31°S
| {{convert|2000|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Precipitation low above [[trade winds]], also high exposure
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Australian Alps]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
| rowspan="2" data-sort-value="-36"|36°S
|-
| {{convert|1800|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Despite the far inland location, summers are cool relative to the latitude, with occasional summer snow; and heavy springtime snowfalls are common<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpine trees &#124; ANU Research School of Biology |url=https://biology.anu.edu.au/news-events/news/alpine-trees}}</ref>
|-
|[[Andes]], [[Laja Lake|Laguna del Laja]], [[Chile]]
|data-sort-value="-37"|37°S
| {{convert|1600|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Temperature rather than precipitation restricts tree growth<ref name="Lara">{{Cite journal |last1=Lara |first1=Antonio |last2=Villalba |first2=Ricardo |author-link2=Ricardo Villalba |last3=Wolodarsky-Franke |first3=Alexia |last4=Aravena |first4=Juan Carlos |last5=Luckman |first5=Brian H. |last6=Cuq |first6=Emilio |year=2005 |title=Spatial and temporal variation in Nothofagus pumilio growth at tree line along its latitudinal range (35°40′–55° S) in the Chilean Andes |url=http://www.osara.org/darwin_2009/articles/Lara%20et%20al%202005.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Biogeography]] |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=879–893 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01191.x |bibcode=2005JBiog..32..879L |s2cid=51845387}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mount Taranaki]], [[North Island]], New Zealand
|data-sort-value="-39"|39°S
| {{convert|1500|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Strong maritime influence serves to cool summer and restrict tree growth
|-
| Northeast [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]
| data-sort-value="-41" |41°S
| {{convert|1200|m|ft|disp=table}}
|Although sheltered on the [[Southeast Australian foehn|leeward]] side of the island, summers are still cool for the latitude.
|-
| Southwest [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]
| data-sort-value="-43" |43°S
| {{convert|750|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Exposed to the [[Roaring Forties|westerly storm track]], summer is extraordinarily cool for the latitude, with frequent summer snow. Springtime receives an extreme amount of cold, heavy precipitation; winds are likewise extreme.
|-
|[[Fiordland]], [[South Island]], New Zealand
|data-sort-value="-45"|45°S
| {{convert|950|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Very snowy springs, strong cold winds and cool summers with frequent summer snow restrict tree growth{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
|-
|[[Lago Argentino]], Argentina
|data-sort-value="-50"|50°S
| {{convert|1000|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|''[[Nothofagus pumilio]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sottile |first1=Gonzalo D. |last2=Echeverría |first2=Marcos E. |last3=Tonello |first3=Marcela S. |last4=Marcos |first4=María A. |last5=Bamonte |first5=Florencia P. |last6=Rayó |first6=Cecilia |last7=Mancini |first7=María V. |year=2020 |title=Dinámica de la vegetación andina del lago Argentino (50° S, 72° O) desde el retiro de los glaciares (ca. 12.000 años cal AP) |url=http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V47n3-3303/html |journal=[[Andean Geology]] |language=es |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=599–627 |doi=10.5027/andgeoV47n3-3303 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020AndGe..47..599S |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/141218}}</ref>
|-
|[[Torres del Paine National Park|Torres del Paine]], [[Chile]]
|data-sort-value="-51"|51°S
| {{convert|950|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Strong influence from the [[Southern Patagonian Ice Field]] serves to cool summer and restrict tree growth<ref name="Patagonia">{{Cite journal |last1=Aravena |first1=Juan C. |last2=Lara |first2=Antonio |last3=Wolodarsky-Franke |first3=Alexia |last4=Villalba |first4=Ricardo |author-link4=Ricardo Villalba |last5=Cuq |first5=Emilio |year=2002 |title=Tree-ring growth patterns and temperature reconstruction from Nothofagus pumilio (Fagaceae) forests at the upper tree line of southern, Chilean Patagonia |journal=[[Revista Chilena de Historia Natural]] |volume=75 |issue=2 |doi=10.4067/S0716-078X2002000200008 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/40918}}</ref>
|-
|[[Navarino Island]], [[Chile]]
|data-sort-value="-55"|55°S
| {{convert|600|m|ft|-2|disp=table}}
|Strong maritime influence serves to cool summer and restrict tree growth<ref name=Patagonia/>
|}