Editing Vertical integration (section)

===Telecommunications and computing===
Telephone companies in most of the 20th century, especially the largest (the [[Bell System]]), were integrated, making their own [[telephone]]s, [[telephone cable]]s, [[telephone exchange]] equipment and other supplies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=3641&context=clr |title=Vertical Integration and the Communication Equipment Industry: Alternatives for Public Policy |last1=Irwin |first1=Manley|last2=McKee|first2=Robert|date=February 3, 1968 |website=scholarship.law.cornell.edu |access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref> The Bell System is an example of an industry in which without vertical integration, would not be able to develop efficiently. In order to implement a telecommunications system that connected cities across a nation reliably, vertical integration was called upon. This strategic move ensured that the wiring, manufacture, and management of the system was consistent and functional across a state.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alchian |first=Armen A. |date=1995 |title=Vertical Integration and Regulation in the Telephone Industry |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2487925 |journal=Managerial and Decision Economics |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=323–326 |doi=10.1002/mde.4090160406 |jstor=2487925 |issn=0143-6570|url-access=subscription }}</ref>