Editing Animal testing (section)

===Sources===
{{Main|Laboratory animal sources|International primate trade}}
Animals used by laboratories are largely supplied by specialist dealers. Sources differ for vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Most laboratories breed and raise flies and worms themselves, using strains and mutants supplied from a few main stock centers.<ref>[http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/comparative_medicine/resource_directory/invertebrates.asp Invertebrate Animal Resources] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025061451/http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/comparative_medicine/resource_directory/invertebrates.asp |date=25 October 2007 }}. National Center for Research Resources. ncrr.nih.gov</ref> For vertebrates, sources include breeders and dealers including [[Fortrea]] and [[Charles River Laboratories]], which supply purpose-bred and wild-caught animals; businesses that trade in wild animals such as [[Nafovanny]]; and dealers who supply animals sourced from pounds, auctions, and newspaper ads. [[Animal shelter]]s also supply the laboratories directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aesop-project.org/Oversight.htm |title=Who's Who of Federal Oversight of Animal Issues |publisher=Aesop-project.org |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922123927/http://www.aesop-project.org/Oversight.htm |archive-date=22 September 2007 }}</ref> Large centers also exist to distribute strains of [[genetically modified animal]]s; the [[International Knockout Mouse Consortium]], for example, aims to provide [[knockout mouse|knockout mice]] for every gene in the mouse genome.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W | title = A mouse for all reasons | journal = Cell | volume = 128 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–13 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17218247 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018 | s2cid = 18872015 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
[[File:Muizenkooi met houten muizen (3).JPG|thumb|left|A laboratory mouse cage. Mice are either bred commercially, or raised in the laboratory.]]
In the U.S., Class A breeders are licensed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to sell animals for research purposes, while Class B dealers are licensed to buy animals from "random sources" such as auctions, pound seizure, and newspaper ads. Some Class B dealers have been accused of kidnapping pets and illegally trapping strays, a practice known as ''bunching''.<ref name=Gillham/><ref name="Class B dealers">[http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/class_b_dealers/ Class B dealers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429102206/http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/class_b_dealers/ |date=29 April 2010 }}, Humane Society of the United States.</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070922123927/http://www.aesop-project.org/Oversight.htm "Who's Who of Federal Oversight of Animal Issues"]}}, Aesop Project.</ref><ref>Salinger, Lawrence and Teddlie, Patricia. [http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/3/3/8/8/p33882_index.html "Stealing Pets for Research and Profit: The Enforcement (?) of the Animal Welfare Act"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130116184728/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/3/3/8/8/p33882_index.html |date=16 January 2013 }}, paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Royal York, Toronto, 15 October 2006</ref><ref>Reitman, Judith (1995) ''Stolen for Profit'', Zebra, {{ISBN|0-8217-4951-X}}.</ref><ref>Moran, Julio (12 September 1991) [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-12-me-3212-story.html "Three Sentenced to Prison for Stealing Pets for Research,"] L.A. Times.</ref> It was in part out of public concern over the sale of pets to research facilities that the 1966 Laboratory Animal Welfare Act was ushered in—the Senate Committee on Commerce reported in 1966 that stolen pets had been retrieved from Veterans Administration facilities, the Mayo Institute, the University of Pennsylvania, Stanford University, and Harvard and Yale Medical Schools.<ref>[[Gary L. Francione|Francione, Gary]]. ''Animals, Property, and the Law''. Temple University Press, 1995, p. 192; Magnuson, Warren G., Chairman. "Opening remarks in hearings prior to enactment of Pub. L. 89-544, the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act," U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, 25 March 1966.</ref> The USDA recovered at least a dozen stolen pets during a raid on a Class B dealer in Arkansas in 2003.<ref name=HSUSBaird>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080325225027/http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/animals_in_research_news/animal_dealer_loses_license_and_pays_record_fine.html Notorious Animal Dealer Loses License and Pays Record Fine]}}, The Humane Society of the United States</ref>

Four states in the U.S.—[[Minnesota]], [[Utah]], [[Oklahoma]], and [[Iowa]]—require their shelters to provide animals to research facilities. Fourteen states explicitly prohibit the practice, while the remainder either allow it or have no relevant legislation.<ref name=ASPCAdealers>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080627163237/http://www.aspca.org/site/PageServer?pagename=kids_ri_animaltesting_comefrom Animal Testing: Where Do the Animals Come From?]}}. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. According to the ASPCA, the following states prohibit shelters from providing animals for research: Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, and West Virginia.</ref>

In the European Union, animal sources are governed by ''Council Directive 86/609/EEC'', which requires lab animals to be specially bred, unless the animal has been lawfully imported and is not a wild animal or a stray. The latter requirement may also be exempted by special arrangement.<ref name=direct1>{{CELEX|31986L0609|text=Council Directive 86/609/EEC of 24 November 1986 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes}}</ref> In 2010 the Directive was revised with [[EU Directive 2010/63/EU]].<ref>{{CELEX|32010L0063|text=Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes}}</ref> In the UK, most animals used in experiments are bred for the purpose under the 1988 Animal Protection Act, but wild-caught primates may be used if exceptional and specific justification can be established.<ref>[http://www.ukcites.gov.uk/pdf_files/Sep05GN9%20Primate%20imports.pdf Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070731082707/http://www.ukcites.gov.uk/pdf_files/Sep05GN9%20Primate%20imports.pdf |date=31 July 2007 }} Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</ref><ref name=HOStats>{{cite web|url=http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm67/6713/6713.pdf |title="Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals", Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Home Office|year= 2004| page=87 }}</ref> The United States also allows the use of wild-caught primates; between 1995 and 1999, 1,580 wild baboons were imported into the U.S. Most of the primates imported are handled by [[Charles River Laboratories]] or by [[Fortrea]], which are very active in the [[international primate trade]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070708204056/http://www.ippl.org/04-25-07c.html U.S. Primate Imports Spike]}} ''International Primate Protection League'' April 2007</ref>