Editing Arabization (section)

===Arabization in Algeria===
The unification and pursuit of a single [[Algerian nationalism|Algerian identity]] was to be found in the Arab identity, Arabic language and religion. Ben Bella composed the Algerian constitution in October 1963, which asserted that Islam was the state religion, Arabic was the sole national and official language of the state, Algeria was an integral part of the [[Arab world]], and that Arabization was the first priority of the country to reverse French colonization.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baldauf |first1=Richard B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sabe8l9hox0C&pg=PA64 |title=Language Planning and Policy in Africa |last2=Kaplan |first2=Robert B. |date=2007-01-01 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-011-1 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Platteau |first=Jean-Philippe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BriDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224 |title=Islam Instrumentalized |date=2017-06-06 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-15544-2 |pages=224 |language=en}}</ref> According to Abdelhamid Mehri, the decision of Arabic as an official language was the natural choice for Algerians, even though Algeria is a plurilingual nation with a minority, albeit substantial, number of Berbers within the nation, and the local variety of Arabic used in every-day life, [[Algerian Arabic]], was distinct from the official language, [[Modern Standard Arabic]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehri |first=Abdelhamid |date=January 1972 |title=Arabic language takes back its place |work=Le Monde Diplomatique}}</ref>

Modern Arabization in Algeria took place to develop and promote Arabic into the nation's education system, government, and media in order to replace the former language that was enforced due to colonization, French.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daoud |first=Mohamed |date=30 June 1991 |title=Arabization in Tunisia: The Tug of War |journal=Issues in Applied Linguistics |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=7–29 |doi=10.5070/L421005130 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Algeria had been conquered by France and even made to be part of its [[Metropolitan France|metropolitan core]] for 132 years, a significantly longer timespan compared to Morocco and Tunisia, and it was also more influenced by Europe due to the contiguity with [[Pied-Noir|French settlers in Algeria]]: both Algerian and French nationals used to live in the same towns, resulting in the cohabitation of the two populations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sirles |first=Craig A. |date=1999-01-01 |title=Politics and Arabization: the evolution of postindependence North Africa |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |issue=137 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.1999.137.115 |issn=0165-2516 |s2cid=145218630}}</ref>

While trying to build an independent and unified nation-state after the [[Evian Accords]], the Algerian government under [[Ahmed Ben Bella]]'s rule began a policy of Arabization. Indeed, due to the lasting and deep colonization, French was the major administrative and academic language in Algeria, even more so than in neighboring countries. Since independence, [[Algerian nationalism]] was heavily influenced by [[Arab socialism]], [[Islamism]] and [[Arab nationalism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shatzmiller |first=Maya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apVov0sqrfUC&pg=PA201 |title=Nationalism and Minority Identities in Islamic Societies |date=2005-04-29 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-7254-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">James McDougall. ''History and the Culture of Nationalism in Algeria''. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. 25.</ref>

However, the process of Arabization was meant not only to promote Islam, but to fix the gap and decrease any conflicts between the different Algerian ethnic groups and promote equality through monolingualism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Benrabah|first=Mohamed|date=10 August 2010|title=Language and Politics in Algeria|journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics|volume=10|issue=1 |pages=59–78|doi=10.1080/13537110490450773|s2cid=144307427}}</ref> In 1964 the first practical measure was the Arabization of primary education and the introduction of religious education, the state relying on Egyptian teachers – belonging to the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and therefore particularly religious<ref>Abu-Haidar, Farida. 2000. 'Arabisation in Algeria'. International Journal of Francophone Studies 3 (3): 151–163.</ref> – due to its lack of literary Arabic-speakers. In 1968, during the [[Houari Boumediene]] regime, Arabization was extended, and a law<ref>ordonnance n° 68-92 du 26 avril rendant obligatoire, pour les fonctionnaires et assimilés, la connaissance de la langue nationale (1968)</ref> tried to enforce the use of Arabic for civil servants, but again, the major role played by French was only diminished.

The whole policy was ultimately not as effective as anticipated: French has kept its importance<ref>Benrabah, Mohamed. 2007. 'Language Maintenance and Spread: French in Algeria'. International Journal of Francophone Studies 10 (1–2): 193–215</ref> and Berber opposition kept growing, contributing to the [[1988 October Riots]]. Some Berber groups, like the [[Kabyle people|Kabyles]], felt that their ancestral culture and language were threatened and the Arab identity was given more focus at the expense of their own. After the [[Algerian Civil War]], the government tried to enforce even more the use of Arabic,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/algerie_loi-96.htm|title=Algérie: Ordonnance no 96-30 du 21 décembre 1996|website=www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca|accessdate=23 April 2023}}</ref> but the relative effect of this policy after 1998 (the limit fixed for complete Arabization) forced the heads of state to make concessions towards [[Berber languages|Berber]], recognizing it in 2002<ref>article 3bis in the 2002 constitutional revision</ref> as another national language that will be promoted. However, because of literary Arabic's symbolic advantage, as well as being a single language as opposed to the fragmented [[Berber languages]], Arabization is still a goal for the state, for example with laws on civil and administrative procedures.<ref>loi du 25 fevrier 2008 http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/algerie_loi-diverses.htm#Loi_n°_08-09_du_25_février_2008_portant_code_de_procédure_civile_et_administrative_</ref>