Editing Architecture of England (section)

==Modern architecture==

===International Style===
The [[International Style (architecture)|International Style]] (also known as Modernism) emerged as a reaction against the world before the First World War, including historical architectural styles. Stylistically it was functional, drawing upon objects that were designed for a specific purpose such as Oceanliners. It emerged as an idea from continental Europe, but was of interest to some English architects. However it the arrival of emigre architects such as Mendelsohn and Lubetkin  that galvanised the position of modern architecture within England.<ref name=Curtis>{{Cite book |title=Modern architecture since 1900 |last=Curtis |first=William.j.r |publisher=Phaidon |location=London |year=1996 |isbn=0-7148-3356-8}}</ref>

The bombing of English cities created a housing shortage, in the post war years. To meet this many thousands (perhaps hundreds of thousands) of [[council house]]s in mock-[[Vernacular architecture|vernacular]] style were built, giving [[working class]] people their first experience of private [[garden]]s and indoor [[sanitation]]. The demand was partly sated through the pre-fabrication of buildings within factories, giving rise to the "Pre-fab" .<ref>{{Cite book |title=The House in the 20th Century |last=Weston |first=Richard |publisher=Laurence King Publishing Ltd |location=London |year=2002 |isbn=1-85669-219-1}}</ref>

===Brutalist architecture===
{{Main|Brutalist architecture}}
The reconstruction that followed the [[Second World War]] had a major impact upon English architecture. The austerity that followed the WWII meant that cost dictated many design decisions, however significant architectural movements emerged. One such movement was the native development of Brutalism. Its look was created though the desire to express how buildings were constructed, for example through the use of exposed concrete. Significant  "New Brutalist" buildings  were the Economist Building, the [[Hayward Gallery]], the [[Barbican Arts Centre]] and the [[Royal National Theatre]].

[[Image:Lloyds building london.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[Lloyd's Building]], [[City of London]]. Designed by [[Richard Rogers]]. Late 20th century]]

===High-tech architecture===
[[High-tech architecture]] emerged as an attempt to revitalise the language of Modernism, it drew inspiration from technology to create new architectural expression . The theorical work of [[Archigram]] provided significant inspiration of the High-tec movement. High-tech architecture is mostly associated with non-domestic buildings, perhaps due to the technological imagery. The two most prominent proponents were [[Richard Rogers]] and [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster]]. Rogers' most iconic English building is the [[Lloyd's building]], situated nearby is Foster's most famous [[30 St Mary Axe]] building (nicknamed ''The Gherkin''). Their respective influence continues into the current century.

===Postmodern architecture===
[[Postmodern architecture]] also emerged as an attempt to enrich Modern architecture. It was especially fashionable in the 1980s, when Modernism had fallen from favour, being associated with the welfare state. Many shopping malls and office complexes for example [[Broadgate]] used this style. Notable practitioners were [[James Stirling (architect)|James Stirling]] and [[Terry Farrell (architect)|Terry Farrell]], although Farrell returned to modernism in the 1990s. A significant example of postmodernism is [[Robert Venturi]]'s Sainsbury Wing of the National Gallery.

===Contemporary architecture===
Significant recent buildings, in a variety of styles, include: [[Will Alsop]]: [[Peckham Library]], [[North Greenwich tube station]]; [[David Chipperfield]]: [[River and Rowing Museum]], [[Hepworth Wakefield]]; [[Future Systems]]: [[Lord's Media Centre]], [[Architecture of Birmingham#Recent developments|Selfridges Building, Birmingham]]; [[Zaha Hadid]], [[London Aquatics Centre]]; [[Ian Simpson (architect)|Ian Simpson]]: [[Beetham Tower, Manchester]], [[Beetham Tower, Birmingham]].