Editing Australian Defence Force (section)

==Military intelligence and surveillance==
The Australian Defence Force's [[Military intelligence|intelligence]] collection and analysis capabilities include each of the services' intelligence systems and units, two joint civilian-military [[List of intelligence gathering disciplines|intelligence gathering]] agencies and two strategic and operational-level [[intelligence analysis]] organisations.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=150}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The Australian Intelligence Community|url=https://www.igis.gov.au/australian-intelligence-community|publisher=Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223020420/https://www.igis.gov.au/australian-intelligence-community|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:A9-757 Lockheed AP-3C Orion RAAF (9687341571).jpg|thumb|left|alt=A grey, four engined aircraft viewed from below while it is in flight|A Royal Australian Air Force AP-3C Orion aircraft. These aircraft are fitted with advanced signals intelligence and electronic signals intelligence equipment.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=McLaughlin|first=Andrew|title=Quiet Achievers. RAAF Orions on patrol|magazine=Australian Aviation|date=December 2007|issue= 245|pages=41–42|publisher=Phantom Media|location=Canberra|issn=0813-0876}}</ref>]]

Each of the three services has its own intelligence collection assets.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=150}} RAN doctrine stresses the importance of collecting a wide range of information and combining it to inform decisions. It also notes that the [[Collins-class submarine|''Collins''-class submarines]] are particularly effective sources of "acoustic, electromagnetic and environmental information".{{sfn|Chief of Navy|2017|pp=19, 165}} The Army's intelligence and surveillance units include the [[1st Intelligence Battalion (Australia)|1st Intelligence Battalion]], [[7th Signal Regiment (Australia)|7th Signal Regiment (Electronic Warfare)]], [[20th Surveillance and Target Acquisition Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery|20th Surveillance and Target Acquisition Regiment]], three [[Regional Force Surveillance Units]] and the [[Australian Special Air Service Regiment|Special Air Service Regiment]].{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|pp=8–9, 27}} The RAAF monitors the airspace of Australia and neighbouring countries using the Vigilare system, which combines input from the service's [[Jindalee Operational Radar Network]], other ADF air defence radars (including airborne and naval systems) and civilian air traffic control radars.{{sfn|Pittaway|2014|p=76}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Kerr|first=Julian|title=Vigilare up and running|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/vigilare-up-and-running/story-e6frg8yo-1225940235791|access-date=5 April 2014|newspaper=The Australian|date=23 October 2010}}</ref> The RAAF's other intelligence assets include [[No. 87 Squadron RAAF|No. 87 Squadron]] and the [[Lockheed AP-3C Orion|AP-3C Orion]] aircraft operated by [[No. 92 Wing RAAF|No. 92 Wing]].{{sfn|Khosa|2011|pp=31–35}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Warfare Centre|date=3 November 2017|url=https://www.airforce.gov.au/about-us/structure/air-command-headquarters/air-warfare-centre|publisher=Royal Australian Air Force|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127143208/https://www.airforce.gov.au/about-us/structure/air-command-headquarters/air-warfare-centre|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[C band (IEEE)|C band]] radar and a telescope located at [[Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt]] provide a space situational awareness capability, which includes tracking space assets and debris.{{sfn|Air Power Development Centre|2016|p=41}} Australia also provides personnel to the US [[Joint Space Operations Center]] in Colorado Springs which tracks and identifies any man-made object in orbit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/air-space/space/2015/04/14/us-certifies-canadian-jspoc-chief/25785147/|title=US Certifies Canadian JSpOC Chief|last=Mehta|first=Aaron|journal=Defense News|date=14 April 2015|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref>

The [[Defence Intelligence and Security Group|Defence Strategic Policy and Intelligence Group]] within the Department of Defence supports the services and co-operates with the civilian agencies within the [[List of Australian intelligence agencies|Australian Intelligence Community]]. This Group consists of the [[Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation]] (AGO), [[Australian Signals Directorate]] (ASD) and [[Defence Intelligence Organisation]] (DIO). The AGO is responsible for [[GEOINT|geospatial intelligence]] and producing maps for the ADF, the ASD, originally the Defence Signals Directorate, is Australia's [[signals intelligence]] agency, and the DIO is responsible for the analysis of intelligence collected by the other intelligence agencies. The three agencies are headquartered in Canberra, though the AGO has staff in [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]] and the ASD maintains permanent signals collection facilities in other locations.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=125}}

The ASD also includes the [[Australian Intelligence Community#Australian Cyber Security Centre|Australian Cyber Security Centre]] (ACSC) which is responsible for protecting Defence and other Australian Government agencies against [[cyberwarfare]] attacks. The ACSC was established in January 2010 and is jointly staffed by the ASD and personnel from the [[Attorney-General's Department (Australia)|Attorney-General's Department]], [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]], and [[Australian Federal Police]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Defence Signals Directorate |title=Cyber Security Operations Centre |url=http://www.dsd.gov.au/_lib/pdf_doc/csoc_brochure.pdf |publisher=Defence Signals Directorate |access-date=9 October 2010 |page=5 |date=January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219185940/http://www.dsd.gov.au/_lib/pdf_doc/csoc_brochure.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Berkovic |first=Nicola|title=Defence on a cyber war footing|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/defence-on-a-cyber-war-footing/story-e6frg6nf-1225820171172|access-date=9 October 2010|newspaper=The Australian|date=16 January 2010}}</ref> Unlike the United States military, the ADF does not class cyberwarfare as being a separate sphere of warfare.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walsh|first1=Dylan|title=Cyber soldiers|url=http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/cyber-soldiers-20101008-16c7e.html|access-date=26 January 2018|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=9 October 2010|archive-date=13 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013074112/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/cyber-soldiers-20101008-16c7e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2017 an Information Warfare Division was raised, tasked with both defensive and offensive cyber operations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Austin|first=Greg|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/explaining-australias-sharp-turn-to-information-warfare/|title=Explaining Australia's Sharp Turn to Information Warfare|work=The Diplomat|date=8 July 2017|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709205400/http://thediplomat.com/2017/07/explaining-australias-sharp-turn-to-information-warfare/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/jcg/iwd.asp|title=Information Warfare Division|work=Joint Capabilities Group|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822100540/http://www.defence.gov.au/jcg/iwd.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=McGhee|first=Ashlynne|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-30/cyber-warfare-unit-to-be-launched-by-australian-defence-forces/8665230|title=Cyber warfare unit set to be launched by Australian Defence Forces|work=ABC News|date=30 June 2017|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710163827/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-30/cyber-warfare-unit-to-be-launched-by-australian-defence-forces/8665230|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Australian Secret Intelligence Service]] (ASIS) has been involved in ADF operations since the Vietnam War including East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan.<ref name="ASIS speech">{{cite speech|title=ASIS at 60|author=Director-General Nick Warner|date=19 July 2012|location=Canberra|url=http://www.asis.gov.au/about-us/speech.html|institution=Lowy Institute for International Policy|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103002438/http://www.asis.gov.au/about-us/speech.html|url-status=live}}</ref>  In 2012, the Director-General of ASIS stated that the service's agents had saved the lives of Australian soldiers, enabled special forces operations and that "it's difficult to see a situation in the future where the ADF would deploy without ASIS alongside".<ref name="ASIS speech" /> It has been reported that one of the Special Air Service Regiment's [[Squadron (army)|squadrons]] works with ASIS and has undertaken independent covert intelligence-collection operations outside Australia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Epstein|first1=Rafael|last2=Welch|first2=Dylan|title=Secret SAS teams hunt for terrorists|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/secret-sas-teams-hunt-for-terrorists-20120312-1uwhy.html|access-date=1 January 2017|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=13 March 2012|archive-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114054803/http://www.smh.com.au/national/secret-sas-teams-hunt-for-terrorists-20120312-1uwhy.html|url-status=live}}</ref>