Editing Bed bug (section)

==Historical reports==
[[File:Getzadvert.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1870s–1890s advertisement for a bed bug exterminator. It reads "Use Getz cockroach and bed bug exterminators, sold by all druggists."]]
[[File:Parts of Bed-Bug.jpg|thumb|1860 engraving of bed bug parts: ''A''. Intestines – ''B''. Antenna of the male – ''C''. Eye – ''D''. Haustellum, or sucker, closed – ''E''. Side view of sucker – ''F''. Under part of head – ''G''. Under lip – ''GG''. Hair of the tube, and outside cases – ''H''. Egg-bag – ''I''. Larva emerging from the eggs]]

Bed bugs were first mentioned in ancient Greece as early as 400 BC, and later by [[Aristotle]]. [[Pliny's Natural History|Pliny's ''Natural History'']], first published ''circa'' AD 77 in Rome, claimed bed bugs had medicinal value in treating ailments such as snake bites and ear infections. Belief in the medicinal use of bed bugs persisted until at least the 18th century, when [[Guettard]] recommended their use in the treatment of [[hysteria]].<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=41oMAAAAYAAJ |title = A dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities – Sir William Smith – Google Boeken |access-date = 11 November 2013 |year = 1847 |last1 = Smith |first1 = William |archive-date = 14 January 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230114141615/https://books.google.com/books?id=41oMAAAAYAAJ |url-status = live }}</ref>

Bed bugs were also mentioned in Germany in the 11th century, in France in the 13th century, and in England in 1583,<ref name="Lance2002">{{cite book|title=Medical and Veterinary Entomology|last1=Mullen|first1=Gary R.|last2=Durden|first2=Lance A.|date=8 May 2009|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-372500-4|edition=Second|page=80}}</ref> though they remained rare in England until 1670. Some in the 18th century believed bed bugs had been brought to London with supplies of wood to rebuild the city after the [[Great Fire of London]] (1666). [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli]] noted their presence in [[Carniola]] (roughly equivalent to present-day Slovenia) in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Treatise of Buggs |author=John Southall |date=1730 |location=London |publisher = J Roberts |pages=16–17 |url=https://archive.org/details/atreatisebuggss00soutgoog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = According to Scopoli's 2nd work (loc. cit.), found in Carniola and adjoining regions. According to Linnaeus' second work on exotic insects (loc. cit.), before the era of health, already in Europe, seldom observed in England before 1670. |author1 = Johann Friedrich Wolff |author2 = Johann Philip Wolff |publisher = Icones Cimicum descriptionibus illustratae |quote = fourth fascicle (1804) |page = 127 |url = https://archive.org/details/iconescimicumdes00wolf |access-date = 1 December 2016 }}</ref>

Traditional methods of repelling or killing bed bugs include the use of plants, fungi, and insects (or their extracts), such as [[black pepper]];<ref>George Orwell, ''[[Down and Out in Paris and London]]'', 1933</ref> [[black cohosh]] (''[[Actaea (plant)|Actaea]] racemosa''); ''Pseudarthria hookeri''; ''Laggera alata'' (Chinese ''yángmáo cǎo'' | 羊毛草);<ref name=birc.org/> ''[[Eucalyptus saligna]]'' oil;<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Schaefer |first1 = C.W. |last2 = Pazzini |first2 = A.R. |title = Heteroptera of Economic Importance |publisher = CRC Press |date = 28 July 2000 |location = Boca Raton, FL |page = 525 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AVcBI0GL-fQC&q=eucalyptus&pg=PA525 |isbn = 978-0-8493-0695-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Kambu | first1 = Kabangu |last2 = Di Phanzu | first2 = N. |last3 = Coune | first3 = Claude |last4 = Wauters | first4 = Jean-Noël |last5 = Angenot | first5 = Luc |title = Contribution à l'étude des propriétés insecticides et chimiques d'Eucalyptus saligna du Zaïre (Contribution to the study of insecticide and chemical properties of Eucalyptus saligna from Zaire ( Congo)) |journal = Plantes Médicinales et Phytothérapie |volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 34–38 | year = 1982 |hdl=2268/14438 }}</ref> [[henna]] (''Lawsonia inermis'' or camphire);<ref>{{cite web |url = http://grubstreet.rictornorton.co.uk/bedbugs.htm |title = Getting Rid of Bed-Bugs |publisher = Grubstreet.rictornorton.co.uk |access-date = 11 November 2013 |archive-date = 17 November 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161117195213/http://grubstreet.rictornorton.co.uk/bedbugs.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> "infused oil of ''[[Melolontha]] vulgaris''" (presumably [[cockchafer]]); [[fly agaric]] (''Amanita muscaria''); [[tobacco]]; "heated oil of [[Pistacia terebinthus|Terebinthina]]" (i.e. true [[turpentine]]); [[Mentha arvensis|wild mint]] (''Mentha arvensis''); [[Lepidium|narrow-leaved pepperwort]] (''Lepidium ruderale''); ''[[Myrica]]'' spp. (e.g. bayberry); [[Robert geranium]] (''Geranium robertianum''); [[Cimicifuga|bugbane]] (''Cimicifuga'' spp.); "herb and seeds of ''[[Cannabis]]''"; "opulus" berries (possibly [[maple]] or [[Viburnum opulus|European cranberrybush]]); [[masked hunter]] bugs (''Reduvius personatus''), "and many others".<ref>{{cite web |url = https://archive.org/stream/iconescimicumdes00wolf#page/n163/mode/2up |title = Icones Cimicum descriptionibus illustratae |access-date = 11 November 2013 }}</ref>

In the mid-19th century, smoke from [[peat]] fires was recommended as an indoor domestic fumigant against bed bugs.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Scientific American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P680AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA307|date=17 June 1848|title = Peat and peat mosses|volume=3|issue=39|pages=307|doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican06171848-307b|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Dusts have been used to ward off insects from grain storage for centuries, including plant ash, lime, dolomite, certain types of soil, and [[diatomaceous earth]] or Kieselguhr.<ref name=hillde>{{cite journal |last = Hill |first = Stuart B. |title = Diatomaceous Earth: A Non Toxic Pesticide |journal = Macdonald J. |volume = 47 |issue = 2 |pages = 14–42 |date = May 1986 |url = http://eap.mcgill.ca/publications/eap4.htm |access-date = 26 May 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100526041417/http://eap.mcgill.ca/publications/eap4.htm |archive-date = 26 May 2010  |url-status=live }}</ref> Of these, diatomaceous earth in particular has seen a revival as a non-toxic (when in amorphous form) residual [[pesticide]] for bed bug abatement. While diatomaceous earth often performs poorly, silica gel may be effective.<ref name=pct_de>{{cite journal |author1 = Michael F. Potter |author2 = Kenneth F. Haynes |author3 = Chris Christensen |author4 = T. J. Neary |author5 = Chris Turner |author6 = Lawrence Washburn |author7 = Melody Washburn |title = Diatomaceous Earth: Where Do Bed Bugs Stand When the Dust Settles? |date = December 2013 |journal = Pest Control Technology |number = 12 |page = 72 |issn = 0730-7608 |url = http://www.pctonline.com/article/pct1213-Diatomaceous-earth-study |access-date = 13 September 2015 |archive-date = 1 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801143300/https://www.pctonline.com/article/pct1213-diatomaceous-earth-study/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=pct_silicagel>{{cite journal |author1 = Michael F. Potter |author2 = Kenneth F. Haynes |author3 = Jennifer R. Gordon |author4 = Larry Washburn |author5 = Melody Washburn |author6 = Travis Hardin |title = Silica Gel: A Better Bed Bug Desiccant |date = August 2014 |journal = Pest Control Technology |number = 8 |page = 76 |issn = 0730-7608 |url = http://www.pctonline.com/Digital/201408/index.html |access-date = 13 September 2015 |archive-date = 16 March 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150316002939/http://www.pctonline.com/Digital/201408/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

Basket-work panels were put around beds and shaken out in the morning in the UK and in France in the 19th century. Scattering leaves of plants with microscopic hooked hairs around a bed at night, then sweeping them up in the morning and burning them, was a technique reportedly used in Southern Rhodesia and in the Balkans.<ref name=Boase2001>{{cite journal |title = Bedbugs – back from the brink |year = 2001 |pages = 159–162 |volume = 12 |issue = 4 |last = Boase |first = C. |journal = Pesticide Outlook |doi = 10.1039/b106301b }}</ref>

[[Phaseolus vulgaris|Bean]] leaves have been used historically to trap bedbugs in houses in [[Eastern Europe]]. The [[trichome]]s on the bean leaves capture the insects by impaling the feet ([[Tarsomere#Tarsus|tarsi]]) of the insects. The leaves are then destroyed.<ref name=Szyndler>{{cite journal |author1 = Szyndler, M.W. |author2 = Haynes, K.F. |author3 = Potter, M.F. |author4 = Corn, R.M. |author5 = Loudon, C. |year = 2013 |title = Entrapment of bed bugs by leaf trichomes inspires microfabrication of biomimetic surfaces |journal = Journal of the Royal Society Interface |volume = 10 |issue = 83 |issn = 1742-5662 |doi = 10.1098/rsif.2013.0174 |pmid = 23576783 |page = 20130174 |pmc = 3645427 }}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
Until the mid-20th century, bed bugs were very common. According to a report by the [[UK Ministry of Health]], in 1933, all the houses in many areas had some degree of bed bug infestation.<ref name=boase/> The increase in bed bug populations in the early 20th century has been attributed to the advent of electric heating, which allowed bed bugs to thrive year-round instead of only in warm weather.<ref name=Potter>{{cite journal |url = http://entsoc.org/PDF/2011/AE-Potter-spring2011.pdf |year = 2011 |last = Potter |first = Michael F. |title = The History of Bed Bug Management – With Lessons from the Past |journal = [[American Entomologist (Oxford University Press journal)|American Entomologist]] |volume = 57 |pages = 14–25 |doi = 10.1093/ae/57.1.14 |doi-access = free |access-date = 28 June 2012 |archive-date = 29 July 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200729000205/https://entsoc.org/PDF/2011/AE-Potter-spring2011.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Bed bugs were a serious problem at US military bases during [[World War II]].<ref name=EntWW2>{{cite journal |url = https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA506261.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121007040155/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA506261&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf#page=25 |url-status = live |archive-date = 7 October 2012 |title = Entomologists in World War II |journal = Proceedings of the DOD Symposium, 'Evolution of Military Medical Entomology', Held 16 November 2008, Reno, NV. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America |author = Gerberg, Eugene J. |date = 16 November 2008 |access-date = 11 November 2013 }}</ref>  Initially, the problem was solved by fumigation, using [[Zyklon B|Zyklon Discoids]] that released [[hydrogen cyanide]] gas, a rather dangerous procedure.<ref name=EntWW2/>  Later, DDT was used to good effect, though bedbugs have since become largely resistant to it.<ref name=EntWW2/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pct.texterity.com/pct/200707/?pg=50 |title=Pest Control Technology Magazine&nbsp;— July 2007 |publisher=Pct.texterity.com|date=17 July 2007 |access-date=2010-09-01| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100813010414/http://pct.texterity.com/pct/200707/?pg=50| archive-date= 13 August 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=C. Dayton Steelman |author2=Allen L. Szalanski |author3=Rebecca Trout |author4=Jackie A. McKern |author5=Cesar Solorzano |author6=James W. Austin |s2cid=42748989 |year=2008 |title=Susceptibility of the bed bug ''Cimex lectularius'' L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to selected insecticides |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=45–51|doi=10.3954/1523-5475-25.1.41}}</ref>

The decline of bed bug populations in the 20th century is often credited to potent [[pesticide]]s that had not previously been widely available.<ref name=newsweek0910>{{cite web |url = http://www.newsweek.com/2010/09/08/conservatives-blame-environmentalists-for-bedbugs.html |author = Newsweek |title = The Politics of Bedbugs |website = [[Newsweek]] |date = 8 September 2010 |access-date = 28 October 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101021040754/http://www.newsweek.com/2010/09/08/conservatives-blame-environmentalists-for-bedbugs.html |archive-date = 21 October 2010  |url-status=live |author-link = Newsweek }}</ref> Other contributing factors that are less frequently mentioned in news reports are increased public awareness and [[slum clearance]] programs that combined pesticide use with steam disinfection, relocation of slum dwellers to new housing, and in some cases also follow-up inspections {{how|date=June 2019}} for several months after relocated tenants moved into their new housing.<ref name=Potter/>

=== 21st century ===
In 2010, bed bug infestations were reported in [[New York City|New York]] houses, retail stores, cinemas, offices and schools, especially in [[Brooklyn]] and [[Queens]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Decker |first=Geoffrey |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/25/nyregion/25bedbugs.html |title=Bedbugs Finding a Way Into New York's Schools |work=The New York Times |date=24 September 2010 }}</ref> In early 2023, [[Orkin]] reported that [[Chicago]], New York, [[Philadelphia]], [[Cleveland]] and [[Los Angeles]] were the top five cities in the United States with most bed bug infestations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orkin.com/press-room/2023-top-bed-bug-cities-list |title=The Windy City can't blow bed bugs away: Chicago ranks #1 for third consecutive year on Orkin's bed bug cities list |publisher=Orkin |date=9 January 2023 }}</ref>

In France, these insects re-emerged, despite having disappeared from daily life in the 1950s, due to nomadic lifestyles, consumption of second-hand purchases, and bugs' resistance to insecticides,<ref name="auto1"/> in addition to increased traveling and tourism following the [[COVID-19 lockdowns]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/environment/article/2023/10/03/bedbugs-in-france-they-can-be-found-wherever-people-go_6145485_114.html |title=Bedbugs in France: 'They can be found wherever people go' |publisher=Le Monde |date=3 October 2023 }}</ref> Between 2017 and 2022, 11% of French households were infested by bed bugs, according to a report from the [[Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail|National Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety]] (ANSES).<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2023/07/19/les-punaises-de-lit-touchent-11-des-menages-francais-independamment-du-milieu-social-selon-l-anses_6182593_3244.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fplanete%2Farticle%2F2023%2F07%2F19%2Fles-punaises-de-lit-touchent-11-des-menages-francais-independamment-du-milieu-social-selon-l-anses_6182593_3244.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-15 |title=Les punaises de lit touchent 11 % des ménages français indépendamment du milieu social, selon l'Anses |publisher=Le Monde |language=fr |date=19 July 2023 }}</ref> In the middle of 2023, reports emerged of a [[2023 Paris bedbug infestation|bed bug infestation spread in the capital city]] of [[Paris]], when it was first seen in cinemas, then it expanded to homes, trains, schools and even hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/paris-bed-bug-outbreak-22b6e915 |title='Punaise!' Paris Battles Bedbug Outbreak, Real or Imagined |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |date=4 October 2023 }}</ref> Treatment of this outbreak has cost France an estimated €230m annually.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/04/coming-soon-to-a-cinema-near-you-the-return-of-the-bed-bug |title=Coming soon to a cinema near you? The return of the bed bug |work=The Guardian |date=4 September 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726162521/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/04/coming-soon-to-a-cinema-near-you-the-return-of-the-bed-bug |url-status=live }}</ref> In the meantime, the [[United Kingdom]] witnessed a 65% increase in year-on-year infestations across the country, according to [[Rentokil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/bed-bugs-epidemic-pest-control-b2393197.html |title=A bed bugs epidemic is sweeping the UK – this is why |work=The Independent |date=15 August 2023 }}</ref> In November 2023, it was reported that [[South Korea]] was experiencing a bed bug infestation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shan |first=Lee Ying |date=2023-11-09 |title=South Korea is battling against a bedbug outbreak |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/09/south-korea-has-a-bedbug-breakout-and-locals-are-avoiding-theaters.html |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726162520/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/09/south-korea-has-a-bedbug-breakout-and-locals-are-avoiding-theaters.html |url-status=live }}</ref>