Editing Binding problem (section)

==== Electron tunneling ====
Experiments have shown that ferritin and neuromelanin in fixed human ''substantia nigra pars compacta'' (SNc) tissue are able to support widespread electron tunneling.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rourk|first=Christopher J.|date=May 2019|title=Indication of quantum mechanical electron transport in human substantia nigra tissue from conductive atomic force microscopy analysis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.02.003|journal=Biosystems|volume=179|pages=30–38|doi=10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.02.003|pmid=30826349|bibcode=2019BiSys.179...30R|s2cid=73509918|issn=0303-2647|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Further experiments have shown that ferritin structures similar to ones found in SNc tissue are able to conduct electrons over distances as great as 80 microns, and that they behave in accordance with Coulomb blockade theory to perform a switching or routing function.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rourk|first1=Christopher|last2=Huang|first2=Yunbo|last3=Chen|first3=Minjing|last4=Shen|first4=Cai|date=2021-08-12|title=Indication of Strongly Correlated Electron Transport and Mott Insulator in Disordered Multilayer Ferritin Structures (DMFS)|journal=Materials|volume=14|issue=16|pages=4527|doi=10.3390/ma14164527|pmid=34443050|pmc=8399281|bibcode=2021Mate...14.4527R|issn=1996-1944|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Labra-Muñoz|first1=Jacqueline A.|last2=de Reuver|first2=Arie|last3=Koeleman|first3=Friso|last4=Huber|first4=Martina|last5=van der Zant|first5=Herre S. J.|date=2022-05-15|title=Ferritin-Based Single-Electron Devices|journal=Biomolecules|volume=12|issue=5|pages=705|doi=10.3390/biom12050705|pmid=35625632|pmc=9138424|issn=2218-273X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Both of these observations are consistent with earlier predictions that are part of a hypothesis that ferritin and neuromelanin can provide a binding mechanism associated with an action selection mechanism,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rourk|first=Christopher John|date=September 2018|title=Ferritin and neuromelanin "quantum dot" array structures in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and norepinephrine neurons of the locus coeruleus|journal=Biosystems|volume=171|pages=48–58|doi=10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.07.008|pmid=30048795|s2cid=51722018|issn=0303-2647|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018BiSys.171...48R}}</ref> although the hypothesis itself has not yet been directly investigated. The hypothesis and these observations have been applied to [[Integrated Information Theory]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rourk|first=Chris|date=2022-01-06|title=Application of the Catecholaminergic Neuron Electron Transport (CNET) Physical Substrate for Consciousness and Action Selection to Integrated Information Theory|journal=Entropy|volume=24|issue=1|pages=91|doi=10.3390/e24010091|pmid=35052119|pmc=8774445|bibcode=2022Entrp..24...91R|issn=1099-4300|doi-access=free}}</ref>