Editing Biological interaction (section)

== Classification based on effect on fitness ==

Biotic interactions can vary in intensity (strength of interaction), and frequency (number of interactions in a given time).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caruso |first1=Tancredi |last2=Trokhymets |first2=Vladlen |last3=Bargagli |first3=Roberto |last4=Convey |first4=Peter |date=2012-10-20 |title=Biotic interactions as a structuring force in soil communities: evidence from the micro-arthropods of an Antarctic moss model system |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2503-9 |journal=Oecologia |volume=172 |issue=2 |pages=495–503 |doi=10.1007/s00442-012-2503-9 |pmid=23086506 |s2cid=253978982 |issn=0029-8549}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morales-Castilla |first1=Ignacio |last2=Matias |first2=Miguel G. |last3=Gravel |first3=Dominique |last4=Araújo |first4=Miguel B. |date=June 2015 |title=Inferring biotic interactions from proxies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.03.014 |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=347–356 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2015.03.014 |pmid=25922148 |bibcode=2015TEcoE..30..347M |hdl=10261/344523 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> There are direct interactions when there is a physical contact between individuals or indirect interactions when there is no physical contact, that is, the interaction occurs with a resource, ecological service, toxine or growth inhibitor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wurst |first1=Susanne |last2=Ohgushi |first2=Takayuki |date=2015-05-18 |title=Do plant- and soil-mediated legacy effects impact future biotic interactions? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12456 |journal=Functional Ecology |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1373–1382 |doi=10.1111/1365-2435.12456 |bibcode=2015FuEco..29.1373W |issn=0269-8463}}</ref> The interactions can be directly determined by individuals (incidentally) or by stochastic processes (accidentally), for instance side effects that one individual have on other.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=William D. |last2=Swatling-Holcomb |first2=Samantha |date=2017-10-25 |title=The roles of stochasticity and biotic interactions in the spatial patterning of plant species in alpine communities |journal=Journal of Vegetation Science |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=25–33 |doi=10.1111/jvs.12583 |s2cid=91054849 |doi-access=free }}</ref> They are divided into six major types: Competition, Antagonism, Amensalism, Neutralism, Commensalism and Mutualism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paquette |first1=Alexandra |last2=Hargreaves |first2=Anna L. |date=2021-08-27 |title=Biotic interactions are more often important at species' warm versus cool range edges |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.13864 |journal=Ecology Letters |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=2427–2438 |doi=10.1111/ele.13864 |pmid=34453406 |bibcode=2021EcolL..24.2427P |s2cid=237340810}}</ref>