Editing Body image (section)

== Measurement ==
Body image can be measured by asking a subject to rate their current and ideal body shape using a series of depictions. The difference between these two values is the measure of body dissatisfaction.

There are currently more than 40 "instruments" used to measure body image.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=J. K.|last2=Altabe|first2=M.|last3=Johnson|first3=S.|last4=Stormer|first4=S. M.|date=November 1, 1994|title=Factor analysis of multiple measures of body image disturbance: are we all measuring the same construct?|journal=The International Journal of Eating Disorders|volume=16|issue=3|pages=311–315|issn=0276-3478|pmid=7833967|doi=10.1002/1098-108x(199411)16:3<311::aid-eat2260160314>3.0.co;2-p}}</ref> All of these instruments can be put into three categories: figure preferences, [[Video projector|video projection]] techniques, and [[questionnaire]]s. Because there are so many ways to measure body image, it is difficult to draw meaningful research generalizations. Many factors have to be taken into account when measuring body image, including gender, [[ethnicity]], culture, and age.<ref name="Cullari 2002 221–232">{{cite journal|last=Cullari|first=S.|author2=Vosburgh, M.|author3=Shotwell, A.|author4=Inzodda, J.|author5=Davenport, W.|title=Body-image assessment: A review and evaluation of a new computer-aided measurement technique|journal=North American Journal of Psychology|volume=4|year=2002|issue=2|pages=221–232|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2002-17480-006&site=ehost-live}}</ref>

=== Figure rating scales ===
One of the measures of body image is [[figure rating scale]]s, which present a series of body images graded from thin to muscular or from thin to obese.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.4324/9781315681528|title=Body Image|year=2016|last1=Grogan|first1=Sarah|isbn=9781315681528|s2cid=19565790 }}</ref> The subject is asked to indicate which figure best represents their current perceived body, and which represents their ideal or desired body. Bodies depicted in figure rating scales are either hand-drawn silhouettes,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hildebrandt|first1=Tom|last2=Langenbucher|first2=Jim|last3=Schlundt|first3=David G|date=May 1, 2004|title=Muscularity concerns among men: development of attitudinal and perceptual measures|journal=Body Image|volume=1|issue=2|pages=169–181|doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.01.001|pmid=18089149|issn=1740-1445}}</ref> computer rendered images,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Talbot|first1=Daniel|last2=Smith|first2=Evelyn|last3=Cass|first3=John|last4=Griffiths|first4=Scott|date=July 2019|title=Development and validation of the New Somatomorphic Matrix–Male: A figural rating scale for measuring male actual–ideal body discrepancy.|journal=Psychology of Men and Masculinity|volume=20|issue=3|pages=356–367|doi=10.1037/men0000165|s2cid=149542364|issn=1939-151X}}</ref> or photographic images.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Swami|first1=Viren|last2=Salem|first2=Natalie|last3=Furnham|first3=Adrian|last4=Tovée|first4=Martin J.|date=June 1, 2008|title=Initial examination of the validity and reliability of the female photographic figure rating scale for body image assessment|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=44|issue=8|pages=1752–1761|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2008.02.002|issn=0191-8869}}</ref>

=== Video projection techniques ===
One study showed each participant a series of images of himself or herself with either increased weight or decreased weight. Each participant was asked to respond to the pictures, and their startle and eyeblink responses were measured.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=Grillon|first1=Christian|last2=Baas|first2=Johanna|date=September 1, 2003|title=A review of the modulation of the startle reflex by affective states and its application in psychiatry|journal=Clinical Neurophysiology|volume=114|issue=9|pages=1557–1579|issn=1388-2457|pmid=12948786|doi=10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00202-5|s2cid=32546086}}</ref> "Objective, [[Psychophysiology|psychophysiological]] measures, like the affect modulated startle eyeblink response, are less subject to reporting bias."<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Spresser|first=C. D.|author2=Keune, K. M.|author3=Filion, D. L.|author4=Lundgren, J. D.|title=Self-report and startle-based measures of emotional reactions to body image cues as predictors of drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction in female college students.|journal=Body Image|year=2012|issue=2|pages=298–301|doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.12.005|pmid=22305111|volume=9}}</ref>

=== Questionnaires ===
BASS is a 9-item subscale of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. It uses a rating scale from −2 to +2 and assesses eight body areas and attributes and overall appearance (face, hair, lower torso, mid-torso, upper torso, [[muscle tone]], height, and weight).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Giovannelli|first1=Thorayya Said|last2=Cash|first2=Thomas F.|last3=Henson|first3=James M.|last4=Engle|first4=Erin K.|date=June 1, 2008|title=The measurement of body-image dissatisfaction-satisfaction: is rating importance important?|journal=Body Image|volume=5|issue=2|pages=216–223|doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.01.001|issn=1873-6807|pmid=18463010}}</ref>

Questionnaires can have variable responses. For instance, "Acquiescent response style (ARS), or the tendency to agree with items on a survey, is more common among individuals from Asian and African cultures."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fuller-Tyszkiewicz |first1=M. |last2=Skouteris |first2=H. |author-link2=Helen Skouteris |last3=McCabe |first3=M. |last4=Mussap |first4=A. |last5=Mellor |first5=D. |last6=Ricciardelli |first6=L. |year=2012 |title=An evaluation of equivalence in body dissatisfaction measurement across cultures. |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=410–417 |doi=10.1080/00223891.2012.662186 |pmid=22404741 |s2cid=2008880}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Chuansheng|last2=Lee|first2=Shin-ying|last3=Stevenson|first3=Harold W.|date=May 1, 1995|title=Response Style and Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Rating Scales Among East Asian and North American Students|journal=Psychological Science|volume=6|issue=3|pages=170–175|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00327.x|s2cid=56465998|issn=0956-7976|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt1b00n182/qt1b00n182.pdf?t=nqcr5a}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dolnicar|first1=Sara|author-link=Sara Dolnicar|last2=Grün|first2=Bettina|date=April 24, 2007|title=Cross-cultural differences in survey response patterns|url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1262&context=commpapers|journal=International Marketing Review|volume=24|issue=2|pages=127–143|doi=10.1108/02651330710741785|s2cid=12836324 |issn=0265-1335}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hamamura|first1=Takeshi|last2=Heine|first2=Steven J.|last3=Paulhus|first3=Delroy L.|date=March 1, 2008|title=Cultural differences in response styles: The role of dialectical thinking|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=44|issue=4|pages=932–942|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.034}}</ref>