Editing Book of Job (section)

==Influence and interpretation==

===History of interpretation===
[[File:Carved wooden figure of Job. Probably from Germany, 1750-1850 CE. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg|thumb|A carved wooden figure of Job. Probably from Germany, 1750–1850 CE. The Wellcome Collection, London]]
In the [[Second Temple]] period (500 BCE–70 CE), the character of Job began to be transformed into something more patient and steadfast, with his suffering a test of virtue and a vindication of righteousness for the glory of God.{{sfn|Seow|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOn3ZK2n0UUC&pg=PA111 111]}} The process of "sanctifying" Job began with the Greek [[Septuagint]] translation ({{c.|200 BCE}}) and was furthered in the apocryphal [[Testament of Job]] (1st century BCE–1st century CE), which makes him the hero of patience.{{sfn|Allen|2008|pp=362–63}} This reading pays little attention to the Job of the dialogue sections of the book,{{sfn|Dell|1991|pp=6–7}} but it was the tradition taken up by the [[Epistle of James]] in the [[New Testament]], which presents Job as one whose patience and endurance should be emulated by believers ([[James 5]]:7–11).<ref>{{bibleverse|James|5:7–11}}</ref>{{sfn|Allen|2008|p=362}}

When Christians began interpreting Job 19:23–29<ref>{{bibleverse|Job|19:23–29}}</ref> (verses concerning a "redeemer" who Job hopes can save him from God) as a prophecy of Christ,{{sfn|Simonetti|Conti|Oden|2006|pp=105–06}} the predominant Jewish view became "Job the blasphemer", with some rabbis even saying that he was rightly punished by God because he had stood by while Pharaoh massacred the innocent Jewish infants.{{sfn|Allen|2008|pp=361–62}}{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2010|p=171}}

[[Augustine of Hippo]] recorded that Job had prophesied the coming of Christ, and [[Pope Gregory I]] offered him as a model of right living worthy of respect. The medieval Jewish scholar [[Maimonides]] declared his story a parable, and the medieval Christian [[Thomas Aquinas]] wrote a detailed commentary declaring it true history. In the [[Protestant Reformation]], [[Martin Luther]] explained how Job's confession of sinfulness and worthlessness underlay his saintliness, and [[John Calvin]]'s interpretation of Job demonstrated the doctrine of the resurrection and the ultimate certainty of divine justice.{{sfn|Allen|2008|pp=368–71}}

The contemporary movement known as creation theology, an [[Environmental theology|ecological theology]] valuing the needs of all creation, interprets God's speeches in Job 38–41 to imply that his interests and actions are not exclusively focused on humankind.{{sfn|Farmer|1998|p=150}}

===Liturgical use===
Jewish liturgy does not use readings from the Book of Job in the manner of the [[Torah|Pentateuch]], [[Nevi'im|Prophets]], or [[Five Megillot]], although it is quoted at funerals and times of mourning. However, there are some Jews, particularly the [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]], who do hold public readings of Job on the [[Tisha B'Av]] fast (a day of mourning over the destruction of the [[Solomon's Temple|First]] and [[Second Temple|Second]] [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temples]] and other tragedies).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ou.org/holidays/tisha_bav_and_sefer_iyov/|title=The Connection Between Tisha B'Av and Sefer Iyov (Job)|publisher=Orthodox Union|date=2011-07-19}}</ref> The [[Hebrew cantillation|cantillation]] signs for the large poetic section in the middle of the Book of Job differ from those of most of the biblical books, using a system shared with it only by [[Psalms]] and [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]].

The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] reads from Job and Exodus during [[Holy Week]]. Exodus prepares for the understanding of Christ's exodus to his Father, of his fulfillment of the whole history of salvation; Job, the sufferer, is the Old Testament icon of Christ.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

The [[Roman Catholic Church]] reads from Job during [[Matins]] in the first two weeks of September and in the Office of the Dead,{{sfn|Dell|1991|p=26}} and in the revised [[Liturgy of the Hours]] Job is read during the Fifth, Twelfth, and Twenty Sixth Week in [[Ordinary Time]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bergsma |first=John Sietze |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950745091 |title=A Catholic introduction to the Bible. Volume 1, The Old Testament |date=2018 |first2=Brant James|last2=Pitre|publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-1-58617-722-5 |location=San Francisco |pages=556–558 |oclc=950745091}}</ref>

In the modern [[Roman Rite]], the Book of Job is read during:
* 5th and 12th Sunday in Ordinary Time - ''Year B''
* Weekday Reading for the 26th Week in Ordinary Time - ''Year II Cycle''
* Ritual Masses for the Anointing of the Sick and Viaticum - ''First Reading'' options
* Masses for the Dead - ''First Reading'' options

===In music, art, literature, and film===
[[File:Georges de La Tour 044.jpg|thumb|[[Georges de La Tour]], ''Job Mocked by his Wife'']]
The Book of Job has been deeply influential in Western culture, to such an extent that no list could be more than representative. Musical settings from Job include [[Orlande de Lassus]]'s 1565 cycle of [[Motet|motets]], the {{lang|la|Sacrae Lectiones Novem ex Propheta Iob}}, and [[George Frideric Handel]]'s use of Job 19:25 ("I know that my redeemer liveth") as an aria in his 1741 oratorio ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]''.

Modern works based on the book include [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]'s ''[[Job: A Masque for Dancing]]''; French composer [[Darius Milhaud]]'s ''Cantata From Job''; and Joseph Stein's Broadway interpretation ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]'', based on the [[Tevye the Dairyman]] stories by [[Sholem Aleichem]]. Neil Simon wrote ''[[God's Favorite]]'', which is a modern retelling of the Book of Job. Breughel and [[Georges de La Tour]] depicted Job visited by his wife. [[William Blake]] produced an entire cycle of [[William Blake's Illustrations of the Book of Job|illustrations for the book]]. It was [[Job (radio play)|adapted for Australian radio in 1939]].

Writers Job has inspired or influenced include{{original research inline|date=May 2015}} [[John Milton]] (''[[Samson Agonistes]]''); Dostoevsky (''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]'')<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosenshield |first=Gary |date=2016 |title=Dostoevskii and the Book of Job: Theodicy and Theophany in "the Brothers Karamazov" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26633666 |journal=The Slavic and East European Journal |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=609–632 |jstor=26633666 |issn=0037-6752}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}; Alfred Döblin (''[[Berlin Alexanderplatz]]''); Franz Kafka (''[[The Trial]]''); [[Carl Jung]] (''[[Answer to Job]]''); [[Joseph Roth]] (''[[Job (novel)|Job]]''); Bernard Malamud; and [[Elizabeth Brewster]], whose book ''Footnotes to the Book of Job'' was a finalist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ggbooks.ca/past-winners-and-finalists|title=Past GGBooks winners and finalists|website=Governor General’s Literary Awards|publisher=Canada Council for the Arts}}</ref> for the 1996 [[Governor General's Award]] for poetry in Canada. Archibald MacLeish's drama ''[[J.B. (play)|JB]]'', one of the most prominent uses of the Book of Job in modern literature, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1959. Verses from the Book of Job {{bibleverse-nb|Job|3:14|9}} figure prominently in the plot of the film ''[[Mission: Impossible (film)|Mission: Impossible]]'' (1996).<ref>{{ cite book| title= The Bible in Motion: A Handbook of the Bible and Its Reception in Film|volume=2 |series= Handbooks of the Bible and Its Reception (HBR) | editor-first=	Rhonda | editor-last= Burnette-Bletsch | publisher= Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG | year= 2016 | isbn= 9781614513261 | page= 372}}</ref> Job's influence can also be seen in the [[Coen brothers]]' 2009 film, ''[[A Serious Man]]'', which was nominated for two [[Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tollerton | first1 = David | author-link1 = David Tollerton | title = Job of Suburbia? A Serious Man and Viewer Perceptions of the Biblical Biblical | journal = Journal of Religion & Film | volume = 15 | issue = 2, Article 7 | pages = 1–11 | publisher = University of Nebraska | location = Omaha | date = October 2011 | url =  https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol15/iss2/7}}</ref>

[[Terrence Malick]]'s 2011 film ''[[The Tree of Life (film)|The Tree of Life]]'', which won the [[Palme d'Or]], is heavily influenced by the themes of the Book of Job, with the film starting with a quote from the beginning of God's speech to Job. 

The Russian film ''[[Leviathan (2014 film)|Leviathan]]'' also draws themes from the Book of Job.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moss |first1=Walter G. |title=What Does the Film Leviathan Tell Us about Putin's Russia and Its Past? |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/159579 |website=History News Network|date=16 June 2015 }}</ref>

The 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' ({{lit|Book of Job}}) by [[Amal Neerad]] tells the story of a man who is losing everything in his life. 

"The Sire of Sorrow (Job's Sad Song)" is the final track on Joni Mitchell's 15th studio album, ''[[Turbulent Indigo]]''.

In 2015 two Ukrainian composers Roman Grygoriv and Illia Razumeiko created the opera-requiem ''[[IYOV]]''. The premiere of the opera was held on 21 September 2015 on the main stage of the international multidisciplinary festival [[Gogolfest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2015.gogolfest.org/eng/programm/1247/|title=Program 2015|author=GogolFest|access-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202102315/http://2015.gogolfest.org/eng/programm/1247/|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the 3rd episode of the 15th season of ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', the lines of Job 3:23 are quoted by doctor Abby Lockhart shortly before she and her husband (Dr. Luka Covac) leave the series forever.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ER: Season 15 Episode 3 Transcript |url=https://subslikescript.com/series/ER-108757/season-15/episode-3-The_Book_of_Abby |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323135319/https://subslikescript.com/series/ER-108757/season-15/episode-3-The_Book_of_Abby |archive-date=2022-03-23 |access-date=2022-03-23}}</ref>

In season two of ''Good Omens'', the tale of Job and his struggles with good and evil are demonstrated and debated as the demon Crowley is sent to plague Job and his family by destroying his property and children, and the angel Aziraphale struggles with the implications of the actions of God.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rogerebert.com/streaming/good-omens-2-tv-review | title=David Tennant, Michael Sheen Continue to Elevate Quality of Good Omens 2 |website=Roger Ebert | date=26 July 2023|author-first1=Max |author-last1=Covill |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224213928/https://www.rogerebert.com/streaming/good-omens-2-tv-review|archive-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>

In the ''[[South Park]]'' episode ''[[Cartmanland]]'', [[Kyle Broflovski]], who is [[Judaism|Jewish]], experiences a major crisis of faith. [[Gerald and Sheila Broflovski|His parents]] try to cheer him up by reading from the Book of Job, which only serves to demoralize Kyle even more, who despairs at Job's horrific trials by God to prove a point to Satan.<ref>[[South Park]], Season 5, Episode 6, "[[Cartmanland]]". Directed and written by [[Trey Parker]].</ref>

In a series of (now deleted) cryptic [[Tweet (social media)|tweets]] detailing the story of an unconfirmed meeting with [[Bob Dylan]], comedian [[Norm Macdonald]] makes allusions and references to The Book of Job, calling it his favorite book of the Bible. Dylan allegedly preferred [[Ecclesiastes]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Loofbourow |first=Lili |date=2021-09-16 |title=Norm Macdonald Never Stopped Bulls–tting |url=https://slate.com/culture/2021/09/norm-macdonald-death-anti-confessional-comic.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author-first1=Ben |author-last1=Yakas |date=2015-01-22 |title=Here's Norm Macdonald's Magical Twitter Story About Meeting Bob Dylan |url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/heres-norm-macdonalds-magical-twitter-story-about-meeting-bob-dylan |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Gothamist |publisher=New York Public Radio |language=en}}</ref>

===In Islam and Arab folk tradition===
{{Main|Job in Islam}}
Job ({{langx|ar|ايوب|Ayyub}}) is one of the 25 prophets mentioned by name in the [[Quran]], where he is lauded as a steadfast and upright worshipper ([[Q.38:44]]). His story has the same basic outline as in the Bible, although the three friends are replaced by his brothers, and his wife stays by his side.{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2010|p=171}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2002|p=8}}

In Lebanon the Muwahideen (or [[Druze]]) community have a shrine built in the Shouf area that allegedly contains Job's tomb.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} In [[Turkey]], Job is known as {{lang|tr|Eyüp}}, and he is supposed to have lived in [[Şanlıurfa]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} There is also a tomb of Job outside the city of [[Salalah]] in Oman.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://sacredsites.com/middle_east/oman/tomb_of_prophet_job_salalah.html |title=Tomb of Prophet Job, Salalah |last= Gray |first= Martin |publisher= World Pilgrimage Guide |access-date= 3 August 2021}}
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