Editing Brain–computer interface (section)

====Movement====
BCIs focusing on motor neuroprosthetics aim to restore movement in individuals with paralysis or provide devices to assist them, such as interfaces with computers or robot arms.

Kennedy and Bakay were first to install a human brain implant that produced signals of high enough quality to simulate movement. Their patient, Johnny Ray (1944–2002), developed '[[locked-in syndrome]]' after a brain-stem [[stroke]] in 1997. Ray's implant was installed in 1998 and he lived long enough to start working with the implant, eventually learning to control a computer cursor; he died in 2002 of a [[brain aneurysm]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kennedy PR, Bakay RA | title = Restoration of neural output from a paralyzed patient by a direct brain connection | journal = NeuroReport | volume = 9 | issue = 8 | pages = 1707–1711 | date = June 1998 | pmid = 9665587 | doi = 10.1097/00001756-199806010-00007 | s2cid = 5681602 }}</ref>

[[Tetraplegic]] [[Matt Nagle]] became the first person to control an artificial hand using a BCI in 2005 as part of the first nine-month human trial of [[Cyberkinetics]]'s [[BrainGate]] chip-implant. Implanted in Nagle's right [[precentral gyrus]] (area of the motor cortex for arm movement), the 96-electrode implant allowed Nagle to control a robotic arm by thinking about moving his hand as well as a computer cursor, lights and TV.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hochberg LR, Serruya MD, Friehs GM, Mukand JA, Saleh M, Caplan AH, Branner A, Chen D, Penn RD, Donoghue JP | display-authors = 6 | title = Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia | journal = Nature | volume = 442 | issue = 7099 | pages = 164–171 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16838014 | doi = 10.1038/nature04970 | s2cid = 4347367 | bibcode = 2006Natur.442..164H | others = Gerhard M. Friehs, Jon A. Mukand, Maryam Saleh, Abraham H. Caplan, Almut Branner, David Chen, Richard D. Penn and John P. Donoghue }}</ref> One year later, Jonathan Wolpaw received the [[Altran Foundation for Innovation]] prize for developing a Brain Computer Interface with electrodes located on the surface of the skull, instead of directly in the brain.<ref>{{cite web|author=Martins Iduwe|url=https://www.academia.edu/32267156|title=Brain Computer Interface|publisher=Academia.edu|accessdate=5 December 2023}}</ref>

Research teams led by the BrainGate group and another at [[University of Pittsburgh Medical Center]], both in collaborations with the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]] (VA), demonstrated control of prosthetic limbs with many degrees of freedom using direct connections to arrays of neurons in the motor cortex of tetraplegia patients.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hochberg LR, Bacher D, Jarosiewicz B, Masse NY, Simeral JD, Vogel J, Haddadin S, Liu J, Cash SS, van der Smagt P, Donoghue JP | display-authors = 6 | title = Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm | journal = Nature | volume = 485 | issue = 7398 | pages = 372–375 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22596161 | pmc = 3640850 | doi = 10.1038/nature11076 | bibcode = 2012Natur.485..372H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Collinger JL, Wodlinger B, Downey JE, Wang W, Tyler-Kabara EC, Weber DJ, McMorland AJ, Velliste M, Boninger ML, Schwartz AB | display-authors = 6 | title = High-performance neuroprosthetic control by an individual with tetraplegia | journal = Lancet | volume = 381 | issue = 9866 | pages = 557–564 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23253623 | pmc = 3641862 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61816-9 }}</ref>