Editing Bus rapid transit (section)

== Performance ==
{{See also|BRT Standard}}
A BRT system can be measured by a number of factors. The [[BRT Standard]] was developed by the [[Institute for Transportation and Development Policy]] (ITDP) to score BRT corridors, producing a [[BRT Standard#Scored BRT Corridors|list of rated BRT corridors]] meeting the minimum definition of BRT. The highest rated systems received a "gold" ranking. The latest edition of the standard was published in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Institute for Transportation and Development Policy]] (ITDP) |title=The BRT Standard |date=21 June 2016 |url=https://www.itdp.org/2016/06/21/the-brt-standard/ |access-date=19 May 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411093827/https://www.itdp.org/2016/06/21/the-brt-standard/ |archive-date=11 April 2019}}<br />{{cite web |publisher=[[Institute for Transportation and Development Policy]] (ITDP) |title=The BRT Standard |date=24 July 2014 |url=https://www.itdp.org/the-brt-standard/ |access-date=19 May 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207043436/https://www.itdp.org/the-brt-standard/ |archive-date=7 February 2015}}</ref>

Other metrics used to evaluate BRT performance include:
* The vehicle headway is the average time interval between vehicles on the same line. Buses can operate at headways of 10 seconds or less, but average headways on TransMilenio at busy intersections are 13 seconds,<ref name="NBRTI report">[http://www.nbrti.org/docs/pdf/Bogota%20Report_Final%20Report_May%202006.pdf "Applicability of Bogotá's TransMilenio BRT System to the United States"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726014111/http://www.nbrti.org/docs/pdf/Bogota%20Report_Final%20Report_May%202006.pdf |date=26 July 2011 }} NBRTI (May 2006). Retrieved 15 March 2010.</ref> 14 seconds for the busiest section of the [[Metrobus (Istanbul)]], 7 seconds in Belo Horizonte,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title= Belo Horizonte|url=https://brtdata.org/location/latin_america/brazil/belo_horizonte/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=brtdata.org |language=en-us}}</ref> 6 seconds in Rio de Janeiro.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://brtdata.org/location/latin_america/brazil/rio_de_janeiro/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=brtdata.org |language=en-us|title=Rio de Janeiro }}</ref>
* Vehicle capacity, which can range from 50 passengers for a conventional bus up to some 300 for a bi-articulated vehicle or 500.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese rail maker develops smart bus - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-06/02/c_136335510.htm |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=https://masstransit.network/mass-transit-news/volvo-buses/worlds-largest-bus | title=Volvo launches the world's largest bus | date=25 November 2016 }}</ref>
* The effectiveness of the stations to handle passenger demand. High volumes of passengers on vehicles require large bus stations and more boarding areas at busy interchange points. This is the standard bottleneck of BRT (and heavy rail).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itdp.org/2017/11/16/the-brt-planning-guide |title=The BRT Planning Guide 4th edition, pp. 25-26 of 1076 |date=16 November 2017 |access-date=2022-10-05}}</ref> 
* The effectiveness of the feeder system: can these deliver people to stations at the required speed?
* Local passenger demand. Without enough local demand for travel, the capacity will not be used.

Based on this data, the minimum headway and maximum current vehicle capacities, the theoretical maximum throughput measured in [[passengers per hour per direction]] (PPHPD) for a single traffic lane is some 150,000 passengers per hour (250 passengers per vehicle, one vehicle every 6 seconds). In real world conditions BRT Rio (de Janeiro, BRS Presidente Vargas) with 65.000 PPHPD holds the record, TransMilenio Bogotá and Metrobus Istanbul perform 49,000 – 45,000 PPHPD, most other busy systems operating in the 15,000 to 25,000 range.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="NBRTI report" /><ref name=":2" />

{| class="wikitable sortable toccolours" style="border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="1" border="1"
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#e0e0e0"
!
!Location
!System name
![[Passengers per hour per direction|Peak passengers per<br>hour per direction]]
! data-sort-type=number | Passengers per day
!Length<br>(km)
|-
|
| [[Dar es Salaam]] || [[Dar es Salaam bus rapid transit]] || 18,000<ref name="BRTdata peakLoad">{{cite web |url=https://brtdata.org/indicators/systems/peak_load_passengers_per_hour_per_direction |title=Peak load (passengers per hour per direction) |website=brtdata.org |date=2018| access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>|| 180,000<ref name="BRTdata dailyDemand">{{cite web |url=https://brtdata.org/indicators/systems/daily_demand_passengers_per_day |title=Daily demand (passengers per day) |website=brtdata.org |date=2018 | access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref> (-2,500,000)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.africa-press.net/tanzania/all-news/dart-gears-up-to-serve-2-5-million-passengers-daily|title=DART gears up to serve 2.5 million passengers daily|work=Africa Press|date=January 24, 2021}}</ref>|| 21<ref>{{cite web |url=https://brtdata.org/location/africa/tanzania/dar_es_salaam |title=Dar es Salaam |website=brtdata.org |access-date=2023-09-02}}</ref> 
|-
|
| [[Bogotá]] ||[[TransMilenio]] || 49,000<ref name="BRTdata Bogota">{{cite web |url=https://brtdata.org/location/latin_america/colombia/bogota |title=Bogotá |website=brtdata.org |date=2018 |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>
 || 2,154,961<ref name="BRTdata Bogota"/> ||113<ref name="BRTdata Bogota"/>
|-
|
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System|Janmarg (Ahmedabad BRT)]]
|
|450,000<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-bus-users-down-25-in-a-decade/articleshow/64877102.cms|title=Ahmedabad bus users down 25% in a decade! |website=The Times of India |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
|125<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|[[Guangzhou]]
|[[Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit]]
|26,900<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuchingptc.com/download1.php|title=International Public Transport Conference 2010 – Case Study of the Guangzhou BRT|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713173303/http://www.kuchingptc.com/download1.php|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=usurped|access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref>
|1,000,000
|22
|-
|
|[[Cairo]]
|[[Cairo Bus Rapid Transit]]
|
|
|76 <ref>{{Cite news |title=الاتوبيس الترددي السريع BRT |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/269647/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-BRT?lang=ar |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240905090735/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/269647/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-BRT?lang=ar |archive-date=2024-09-05 |access-date=2025-04-28 |language=ar}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Curitiba]] || [[Rede Integrada de Transporte]] ||  13,900&nbsp;– 24,100 || 508,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brtdata.org/#/location/latin_america/brazil/curitiba|title=BRT Data Latin America / Brazil / Curitiba|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-date=8 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208053814/http://brtdata.org/#/location/latin_america/brazil/curitiba|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2,260,000 inc. feeder lines<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nctr.usf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/JPT15.2Duarte.pdf |title=Intermodal Connectivity to BRT: A Comparative Analysis of Bogotá and Curitiba |journal=Journal of Public Transportation |access-date=24 March 2014}}</ref>) || 81
|-
|
| [[Mexico City]] || [[Mexico City Metrobus]] ||  18,500{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} || 1,800,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx/comunicacion/nota/ampliacion-flota|title=Ampliación de flota 33 autobuses|website=Metrobús}}</ref> ||140<ref>Sum of km of all lines on [http://www.metrobus.cdmx.gob.mx/dependencia/acerca-de/fichas-tecnicas], as of 6 March 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Línea 7 de Metrobús inicia pruebas con servicio gratis; esta es su ruta |language=es |trans-title=Line 7 of Metrobús starts tests with free service; this is your route |date=28 February 2018 |author=Daniela Vega |website=Uno TV |url=https://www.unotv.com/noticias/estados/distrito-federal/detalle/ya-opera-linea-7-de-metrobus-este-sera-su-recorrido-provisional-073869/ |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[Belo Horizonte]]|| {{ill|Move (sistema de transportes)|pt|lt=BRT Move}} ||15,800 – 20,300<ref name="FHApeak">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbrti.org/docs/pdf/Characteristics_BRT_Decision-Making.pdf|title=Characteristics of BRT for decision making |quote=Exhibit 3-22: "Maximum observed peak hour bus flows, capacities, and passenger flows at peak load points on transitways"|publisher=Federal Transit Administration|date=1 August 2004|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415111548/http://www.nbrti.org/docs/pdf/Characteristics_BRT_Decision-Making.pdf|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> || 1,100,000||24
|-
|
|[[Istanbul]]
|[[Metrobus (Istanbul)]]
|45,000<ref name="mercedes-benz-bus.com">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-23 |title=Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Istanbul, Turkey: Metrobüs |url=https://www.mercedes-benz-bus.com/content/dam/mbo/markets/common/buy/bus-rapid-transit/brt-services-online/images/content/BRT_Flyer_Istanbul_EN_23_07_18.pdf |access-date=2023-09-19 |publisher=Mercedes-Benz}}</ref>
|1,000,000<ref name="mercedes-benz-bus.com" />
|52
|-
|
|[[New Jersey]] || [[Bus rapid transit in New Jersey|New Jersey BRT]] || 15,500<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/APTABrochure_v28%20FINAL.pdf |title=Public Transportation: Moving America Forward |author=[[American Public Transit Association]] (APTA) |publisher=APTA |access-date=26 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102221405/http://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/APTABrochure_v28%20FINAL.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2013 |url-status=dead }} ''See p. 6, based on 62,000 people in the 4-hour morning rushhour''</ref> || 62,000 (4-hour morning peak only) ||
|-
|
|[[Brisbane]] || [[South East Busway]] ||15,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/BCC:BASE::pc=PC_2698 |title=Lord Mayor's Mass Transit Taskforce Report 2007 |publisher=Brisbane City Council }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> || 191,800<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mulley |first1=Corinne |last2=Ma |first2=Liang |last3=Clifton |first3=Geoffrey |last4=Yen |first4=Barbara |first5=Matthew |last5=Burke |date=June 2016 |title=Residential property value impacts of proximity to transport infrastructure: An investigation of bus rapid transit and heavy rail networks in Brisbane, Australia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966692316302691 |journal=Journal of Transport Geography |volume=54 |pages=43 |doi=10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.05.010 |bibcode=2016JTGeo..54...41M |hdl=10072/142793 |access-date=7 January 2022|hdl-access=free }} 70 million passengers per year divided by 365</ref> ||23
|-
|
|[[Jakarta]]|| [[Transjakarta]] || 1,935<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carrigan |first1=Aileen |last2=King |first2=Robin |last3=Velasquez |first3=Juan Miguel |last4=Raifman |first4=Matthew |last5=Duduta |first5=Nicolae |title=Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts of BRT Systems |url=https://www.wrirosscities.org/sites/default/files/Social-Environmental-Economic-Impacts-BRT-Bus-Rapid-Transit-EMBARQ.pdf |website=EMBARQ |publisher=World Resources Institute |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> || 1,300,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://transjakarta.co.id/berita/laporan-kinerja-2024-sepanjang-tahun-2024-transjakarta-tumbuh-tinggi-dan-semakin-efisien#:~:text=Pada%20tahun%202024%2C%20Transjakarta%20telah,1%20juta%20pelanggan%20per%20hari.|title=Laporan Kinerja 2024: Sepanjang tahun 2024 Transjakarta Tumbuh Tinggi dan Semakin Efisien|website=transjakarta.co.id|language=id |access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref>||251.2
|-
|
|[[New York City|New York]]
|[[Select Bus Service]]
|
|30,195
|
|-
|
|[[Tehran]]
|[[Tehran Bus Rapid Transit]]
|
|1,800,000
|150
|-
|
|[[Lahore Metrobus]]
|[[Lahore Transport Company]]
|
|220,000
|29
|}
Research of the [[Institute for Transportation and Development Policy]] (ITDP) shows a capacity ranking of MRT modes, based on reported performance of 14 light rail systems, 14 heavy rail systems (just 1-track + 3 2-track-systems "highest capacity") and 56 BRT systems.

The study concludes, that BRT-"capacity on TransMilenio exceeds all but the highest capacity heavy rail systems, and it far exceeds the highest light rail system."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-16 |title=The BRT Planning Guide - Institute for Transportation and Development Policy |url=https://itdp.org/2017/11/16/the-brt-planning-guide/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Institute for Transportation and Development Policy - Promoting sustainable and equitable transportation worldwide |language=en-US}}</ref>

Performance data of 84 systems show

# 37,700 passengers in peak hour per direction (PPHPD) in the best BRT system
# 36,000 in the best 1-track-heavy rail system
# 13,400 in the best light rail system

More topical are these BRT data

* 45,000 PPHPD in a 1-lane-system using articulated buses (2020 in Istanbul) 
* 320 busses per hour per direction in the corridor Nossa Senhora de Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro for the year 2014 meaning a bus every 11 seconds. 
* 65,400 PPHPD in 600 buses in the corridor Presidente Vargas in Rio de Janeiro for the years 2012 resp. 2014, which means 10 buses per minute or a bus every 6 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peak load, corridor (passengers per hour per direction) |url=https://brtdata.org/indicators/corridors/peak_load_corridor_passengers_per_hour_per_direction/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=brtdata.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Peak frequency (buses per hour) |url=https://brtdata.org/indicators/systems/peak_frequency_buses_per_hour/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=brtdata.org |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== Comparison with light rail ===
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2014}}
<ref name=":5" />After the first BRT system opened in 1971, cities were slow to adopt BRT because they believed that the capacity of BRT was limited to about 12,000 passengers per hour traveling in a given direction during peak demand. While this is a capacity rarely needed in the US (12,000 is more typical as a total daily ridership), in the developing world this capacity constraint (or rumor of a capacity constraint) was a significant argument in favor of heavy rail metro investments in some venues.

When TransMilenio opened in 2000, it changed the paradigm by giving buses a passing lane at each station stop and introducing express services within the BRT infrastructure. These innovations increased the maximum achieved capacity of a BRT system to 35,000 passengers per hour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/More-Development-For-Your-Transit-Dollar_ITDP.pdf|title=More Development For Your Transit Dollar. An Analysis of 21 North American Transit Corridors|page=20|first1=W. |last1=Hook |first2=S. |last2=Lotshaw |first3=A. |last3=Weinstock|publisher=Institute for Transportation and Development Policy|date=2013}}</ref> The single-lane roads of Istanbul Metrobus had been frequently blocked by Phileas buses breaking down, causing delays for all the buses in a single direction.<ref>"Happy with Metrobus, when there is no better alternative". ''Hurriyet Daily News''. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=tr|title=Uzmanlar Uyarmıştı Ama Yanan Metrobüsün Faturası Ağır Oldu |url=https://gurmedia.nl/uzmanlar-uyarmisti-ama-yanan-metrobusun-faturasi-agir-oldu/ |website=Gurmedia Haberin Merkezi |date=25 March 2015 |access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>{{verify source|reason=Originally cited as a web source but without a URL. Now found but need verification from a Turkish reader that it supports the text|date=August 2023}} After focusing on Mercedes-Benz buses, capacity increased to 45,000&nbsp;pph.<ref name="mercedes-benz-bus.com"/> Light rail, by comparison, has reported passenger capacities between 3,500&nbsp;pph (mainly street running) to 19,000&nbsp;pph (fully [[grade-separated]]).<ref>G. Gardner, J. C. Rutter and F. Kuhn (1994). ''The performance and potential of light rail transit in developing cities.'' Project Report No. PR69. Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, UK.</ref>

There are conditions that favor light rail over BRT, but they are fairly narrow. These conditions are a corridor with only one available lane in each direction, more than 16,000 passengers per direction per hour but less than 20,000, and a long block length, because the train cannot block intersections. These conditions are rare, but in that specific instance, light rail might have a minimal operational advantage.

The United States Government Accountability Office (U.S. GAO) summarized in the report "Mass Transit – Bus Rapid Transit Shows Promise", the U.S. Federal Transit Administration (FTA) provided funding for the construction of heavy rail and of light rail at that time, but not of BRT. The FTA funding of BRT "rather focuses on obtaining and sharing information on projects being pursued by local transit agencies".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=GAO-01-984 Mass Transit: Bus Rapid Transit Shows Promise |url=https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-01-984.pdf |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=United States General Accounting Office |pages=25–33,30}}</ref> In spite of this different funding the capital costs of BRT systems were lower in many US communities than those of light rail systems and performance often similar.<ref name=":5" /> The GAO stated, BRT systems were generally more flexible compared to light rail<ref name=":5" /> and faster.<ref name=":5" /> "While transit officials noted a public bias toward Light Rail, research has found that riders have no preference for rail over bus when service characteristics are equal."<ref name=":5" />

===Comparison with heavy rail===
Fjellstrom/Wright distributed a map of the mid-term goal to expand Bogota's BRT system, TransMilenio, so that 85% of the city's 7 million inhabitants live within 500m distance to a TransMileneo line. Such an expansion program would be unrealistic for a rail-based MRT-system, according to Bogota's mayor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fjellstrom |first1=Karl |title=Mass Transit Options, 4.4:Flexibility |website=www.gtz.de |url=https://sutp.org/download/8100/?tmstv=1676136996 |publisher=GTZ on Behalf of Bundesminister für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>

An additional use of BRT is the [[Rail replacement bus service|replacement of heavy rail services]], due to infrastructure damage, reduced ridership, or a combination of both where lower maintenance costs are desired while taking advantage of an existing dedicated right of way. One such system in Japan consists of portions of the [[East Japan Railway Company|JR East]] [[Kesennuma Line|Kesennuma]] and [[Ōfunato Line|Ōfunato Lines]], which were catastrophically damaged during the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]], and later repaired as a bus lane over the same right of way, providing improved service with much lower restoration and maintenance costs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=気仙沼線BRT・大船渡線BRT（バス高速輸送システム）：JR東日本 |url=https://www.jreast.co.jp/railway/train/brt/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=JR東日本：東日本旅客鉄道株式会社 |language=ja}}</ref> Another system set to open in August 2023 is a portion of the JR Kyushu [[Hitahikosan Line]], which was damaged due to torrential rain in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=日田彦山線 BRTひこぼしライン 2023年8月28日 開業予定 |url=https://www.jrkyushu.co.jp/train/hikoboshiline/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=日田彦山線 BRTひこぼしライン |language=ja}}</ref> In both cases, ridership had dropped considerably since the lines opened, and the higher capacity of a rail line is no longer needed or cost-effective compared to buses on the same alignments.

=== Comparison with conventional bus services ===
[[File:Chang'an avenue in Beijing.jpg|thumb|Conventional bus services being delayed by [[traffic congestion]] on [[Chang'an Avenue]] in [[Beijing]]]]
Conventional scheduled bus services use general traffic lanes, which can be slow due to [[traffic congestion]], and the speed of bus services is further reduced by long [[Dwell time (transportation)|dwell times]]. {{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

In 2013, the New York City authorities noted that buses on [[34th Street (Manhattan)|34th Street]], which carried 33,000 bus riders a day on local and express routes, traveled at {{convert|4.5|mph|km/h}}, only slightly faster than walking pace. Even despite the implementation of [[Select Bus Service]] (New York City's version of a bus rapid transit system), dedicated bus lanes, and traffic cameras on the 34th Street corridor, buses on the corridor were still found to travel at an average of 4.5&nbsp;mph.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/brt/html/routes/34th_transit.shtml|title=34th Street Select Bus Service|quote=Bus service along 34th Street is among the slowest in the city. Buses travel at an average of {{convert|4.5|mph}}, only slightly faster than walking. Despite these slow speeds, 34th Street is a major east-west bus corridor, carrying over 33,000 bus riders a day on local and express routes.|access-date=31 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623124601/http://www.nyc.gov/html/brt/html/routes/34th_transit.shtml|archive-date=23 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the 1960s, [[Reuben Smeed]] predicted that the average speed of traffic in central London would be {{convert|9|mph}} without other disincentives such as [[road pricing]], based on the theory that this was the minimum speed that people will tolerate. When the [[London congestion charge]] was introduced in 2003, the average traffic speed was indeed {{convert|14|km/h}} which was the highest speed since the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/fifth-annual-impacts-monitoring-report-2007-07-07.pdf|title=Impacts monitoring&nbsp;— fifty annual report|work=Transport for London}}</ref> By way of contrast, typical speeds of BRT systems range from {{convert|17|to|30|mph}}.<ref name="nbrti.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbrti.org/docs/pdf/Characteristics_BRT_Decision-Making.pdf|title=Characteristics of BRT for decision making.|page=ES-5|publisher=Federal Transit Administration|date=1 August 2004|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415111548/http://www.nbrti.org/docs/pdf/Characteristics_BRT_Decision-Making.pdf|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>