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Chuvash language
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===Official=== Letters in '''bold''' are solely used in loanwords. {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[А]] а | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ӑ]] ӑ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Б]]''' '''б''' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[В]] в | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Г]]''' '''г''' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Д]]''' '''д''' |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Е]] е | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Ё]]''' '''ё''' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ӗ]] ӗ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Ж]]''' '''ж''' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[З]]''' '''з''' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[И]] и |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Й]] й | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[К]] к | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Л]] л | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[М]] м | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Н]] н | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[О]]''' '''о''' |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[П]] п | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Р]] р | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[С]] с | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ҫ]] ҫ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Т]] т | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[У]] у |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ӳ]] ӳ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Ф]]''' '''ф''' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Х]] х | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Ц]]''' '''ц''' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ч]] ч | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ш]] ш |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Щ]]''' '''щ''' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''[[Ъ]]''' '''ъ''' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ы]] ы | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ь]] ь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Э]] э | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Ю]] ю |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Я]] я | | | | | |} ==== Latin alphabet ==== Latin alphabet used by Chuvash people living in the USA and Europe, used for the convenience of writing Chuvash words: {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Aa | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ăă | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Bb | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Cc | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Çç | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Dd | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ее | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ĕĕ |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ff | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Gg | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Hh | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ii | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Jj | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Kk | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ll | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Mm |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Nn | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Oo | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Pp | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Rr | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ss | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Şş | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Šš | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Tt |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Uu | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Üü | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ww | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Zz | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Žž | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Je | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ju | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ja | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Jo |} Examples of written text: {| class="wikitable" ! Latin alphabet !! Chuvash alphabet !! Meaning |- | Çĕkĕntĕr || Чӗкӗнтӗр || beet |- | Çul || Чул || stone |- |Çüreçe || Чӳрече || window |- |Şĕmĕrt || Ҫӗмӗрт || bird cherry |- | Şăkăr || Ҫӑкӑр || bread |- | Šură || Шурӑ || white |- | Šăl || Шӑл || tooth |- | Šapa || Шапа || frog |- | Üpĕte || Ӳпӗте || monkey |- | Ükerçĕk || Ӳкерчӗк || drawing |- | Žiraf || Жираф || giraffe |- | Žuk || Жук || beatle |- | Žjuri ||Жюри || jury |- | Energi || Энерги || energy |- | Etem || Этем || human |- | Epir || Эпир || we |- | Juman || Юман || oak |- | Jur || Юр || snow |- | Jalav || Ялав || flag |- | Japala || Япала || thing |- | Jomkăş || Ёмкӑҫ || container |- | Joršik || Ёршик || brush |- | Văjlă || Вӑйлӑ || strong |- | Vişşĕ || Виҫҫӗ || three |- |Jermikke |Ермикке |market |- |Ješĕl |Ешӗл |green |- |Cunami |Цунами |tsunami |} <big>'''Transliteration'''</big> '''<big>of</big> <big>the Chuvash alphabet</big>'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Transliteration of Chuvash writing system |date=2006-10-19 |title= |url=http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Chuvash.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019003809/http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Chuvash.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2006 |access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! ! Name ! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !KNAB<ref>{{Cite web |title=KNAB: kohanimeandmebaasi avaleht |url=http://www.eki.ee/knab/knab.htm |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=www.eki.ee}}</ref> 1995 !ALA-LC<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALA-LC Romanization Tables |url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref> 1997 !Edward Allworth<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allworth |first=Edward |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/allw92088 |title=Nationalities of the Soviet East Publications and Writing Systems |date=1971-12-31 |isbn=9780231886963 |doi=10.7312/allw92088}}</ref> 1971 !ISO System A !ISO System B !'''Turkkălla'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=cvlat2 - СVLat |url=https://sites.google.com/site/cavashlat/cvlat2 |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=sites.google.com}}</ref> !'''Ivanof''' !Argadu ! CVLat '''1.1''' '''2007'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Chuvash Latin Script |url=https://en.chuvash.org/e/43687576617368204c6174696e20536372697074 |website=chuvash.org}}</ref> ! Notes |- | [[A (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|А а}}]] | a | {{IPAslink|a}}~{{IPAslink|ɑ}} | Aa | Aa | Aa | Aa | Aa | Aa | Aa |Aa | Aa | |- | [[A with breve (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ӑ ӑ}}]] | ă | {{IPAslink|ɤ̆}}, {{IPAslink|ə}}, {{IPAslink|ɒ}} | Ää | Ăă | Ăă | Ăă | Ăă | Ĭĭ | Ah;ah |Oo | Ăă | |- | [[Be (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Б б}}]] | бӑ | {{IPAslink|b}} | Bb | Bb | Bb | Bb | Bb | Bb | Bb |Pp | Pp | only in Russian loanwords |- | [[Ve (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|В в}}]] | вӑ | {{IPAslink|ʋ}}~{{IPAslink|w}}, {{IPAslink|v}} (in non-Chuvash loanwords) | Vv | Vv | Vv | Vv | Vv | Vv | Vv |Vv | Vv | |- | [[Ge (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Г г}}]] | гӑ | {{IPAslink|ɡ}} | Gg | Gg | Gg | Gg | Gg | Gg | Gg |Kk | Kk | only in Russian loanwords |- | [[De (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Д д}}]] | дӑ | {{IPAslink|d}} | Dd | Dd | Dd | Dd | Dd | Dd | Dd |Tt | Tt | only in Russian loanwords |- | [[Ye (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Е е}}]] | Ee | {{IPAslink|ɛ}} | Ye-;ye-;-e- | Ee | Je-;je-;-e- | Ee | Ee | Ye-;ye-;-e- | Je-;je-;-e- |Ye-; ye-; -e- | Je-;je-;-e- | |- | [[Yo (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ё ё}}]] | ё | {{nowrap|{{IPA|/{{IPAplink|j}}{{IPAplink|o}}/}}}} or {{nowrap|{{IPA|/{{IPAplink|ʲ}}{{IPAplink|o}}/}}}} | Yo-, yo-, -o- | Ëë | Ëë | Ëë | Yo-, yo-, -o- | Yo-, yo-, -o- | Jo-, jo-, -o- |Yo-; yo-; -o- | Jo-, jo-, -o- | only in Russian loanwords |- | [[Ye with breve|{{nowrap|Ӗ ӗ}}]] | ӗ | {{IPAslink|ɘ}} (ɘ~ø) | Ӗӗ | Ӗӗ | Öö | Ӗӗ | | I̐ĭ̇ | Eh;eh |Öö | Ӗӗ | e' |- | [[Zhe (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ж ж}}]] | жӑ | {{IPAslink|ʒ}} | Zh;zh | Zh;zh | Žž | Žž | Zh;zh | Jj | Qq |Şş | Šš | only in Russian loanwords |- | [[Ze (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|З з}}]] | зӑ | {{IPAslink|z}} | Zz | Zz | Zz | Zz | Zz | Zz | Zh;zh |Ss | Ss | only in Russian loanwords |- | [[I (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|И и}}]] | и | {{IPAslink|i}} | Ii | Ii | Ii | Ii | Ii | Ii | Ii |İi | Ii | |- | [[Short I|{{nowrap|Й й}}]] | йӑ | {{IPAslink|j}} | Yy | Ĭı̆ | Jj | Jj | Jj | Yy | Jj |Yy | Jj | |- | [[Ka (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|К к}}]] | кӑ | {{IPAslink|k}}, {{IPA|/kʲ/}} (c), {{IPA|/k̬ʲ/}} (gʲ, ɟ) | Kk | Kk | Kk | Kk | Kk | Kk | Kk |Kk | Kk | |- | [[El (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Л л}}]] | лӑ | {{IPAslink|l}}~{{IPAslink|ɫ}}, {{IPA|/lʲ/}} (ʎ) | Ll | Ll | Ll | Ll | Ll | Ll | Ll |Ll, Ly | Ll, lĭ/l' | Ll |- | [[Em (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|М м}}]] | мӑ | {{IPAslink|m}} | Mm | Mm | Mm | Mm | Mm | Mm | Mm |Mm | Mm | |- | [[En (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Н н}}]] | нӑ | {{IPAslink|n}}, {{IPA|/nʲ/}} (ɲ) | Nn | Nn | Nn | Nn | Nn | Nn | Nn |Nn | Nn, nĭ/n' | Nn |- | [[O (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|О о}}]] | о | {{IPAslink|o}} | Oo | Oo | Oo | Oo | Oo | Oo | Oo |Oo | Oo | |- | [[Pe (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|П п}}]] | пӑ | {{IPAslink|p}}, {{IPA|/p̬/}} (b) | Pp | Pp | Pp | Pp | Pp | Pp | Pp |Pp | Pp | |- | [[Er (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Р р}}]] | рӑ | {{IPAslink|r}}~{{IPAslink|ɾ}} | Rr | Rr | Rr | Rr | Rr | Rr | Rr |Rr | Rr | Rr |- | [[Es (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|С с}}]] | сӑ | {{IPAslink|s}}, {{IPA|/s̬/}} (z) | Ss | Ss | Ss | Ss | Ss | Ss | Ss |Ss | Ss | |- | [[The (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ҫ ҫ}}]] | ҫӑ | {{IPAslink|ɕ}}, {{IPA|/ɕ̬/}} (ʑ) | S';s' | Śś | Śś | Şş | | Ş́ş́ | Cc |Cc | Şş | Şş |- | [[Te (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Т т}}]] | тӑ | {{IPAslink|t}}, {{IPA|/tʲ/}}, {{IPA|/t̬ʲ/}} (dʲ), {{IPA|/t̬/}} (d) | Tt | Tt | Tt | Tt | Tt | Tt | Tt |Tt | Tt, tĭ/t' | |- | [[U (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|У у}}]] | у | {{IPAslink|u}}, {{IPA|/̯u/}} (o) | Uu | Uu | Uu | Uu | Uu | Uu | Uu |Uu | Uu | |- | [[U with double acute (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ӳ ӳ}}]] | ӳ | {{IPAslink|y}} | Üü | U̇u̇ | Üü | Űű | | Üü | Uh;uh |Üü | Üü | U';u' |- | [[Ef (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ф ф}}]] | фӑ | {{IPAslink|f}}, {{IPA|/̯f̬/}} (v) | Ff | Ff | Ff | Ff | Ff | Ff | Ff |Ff | Ff | only in Russian loanwords |- | [[Kha (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Х х}}]] | хӑ | {{IPAslink|χ}}, {{IPA|/χʲ/}}, {{IPA|/χ̃/}} (ɣ), {{IPA|/χ̃ʲ/}} (ɣʲ) | Kh;kh | Kh;kh | Hh | Hh | Xx | Hh | Xx |Xx | Hh & Xx | |- | [[Tse (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ц ц}}]] | цӑ | {{IPAslink|ʦ}}, (dz) | Ts;ts | Ts;ts | Cc | Cc | Cz;cz | | Zz |ts | Zz | only in Russian loanwords |- | [[Che (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ч ч}}]] | чӑ | {{IPAslink|ʨ}}, (ʥ) | Ch;ch | Ch;ch | Čč | Čč | Ch;ch | Çç | Ch;ch |Çç | Cc | |- | [[Sha (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ш ш}}]] | шӑ | {{IPAslink|ʃ}}, (ʒ) | Sh;sh | Sh;sh | Šš | Šš | Sh;sh | Şş | |Şş | Šš | |- | [[Shcha|{{nowrap|Щ щ}}]] | щӑ | {{IPAslink|ɕː}} | Shch;shch | Shch;shch | Šč;šč | Ŝŝ | Shh;shh | | Th;th |Şş | Şş | only in Russian loanwords |- | [[Yer|{{nowrap|Ъ ъ}}]] | хытӑлӑх палли | – | | ” | " | “ | `` | | | | -j- | only in Russian loanwords. Placed after a consonant, acts as a "silent back vowel"; puts a distinct {{IPAslink|j}} sound in front of the following [[iotation|iotated]]: Е, Ё, Ю, Я vowels with no [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]] of the preceding consonant |- | [[Yery|{{nowrap|Ы ы}}]] | ы | {{IPAslink|ɯ}} | Ïï | Yy | Yy | Yy | Y';y' | Iı | Yy |Iı | Yy | only in beginning of words, 1-2 letters |- | [[Soft sign|{{nowrap|Ь ь}}]] | ҫемҫелӗх палли | {{IPAslink|ʲ}} | ’ | ’ | -j-;' | ’ | ` | | | | ‘ | Placed after a consonant, acts as a "silent front vowel", slightly [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalizes]] the preceding consonant |- | [[E (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Э э}}]] | э | {{IPAslink|e}} | Ëë | Ėė | Èè | Èè | E';e' | Ee | Ee |Ee | Ee | only first letter |- | [[Yu (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Ю ю}}]] | ю | {{nowrap|{{IPA|/{{IPAplink|j}}{{IPAplink|u}}/}}}} or {{nowrap|{{IPA|/{{IPA|ʲ}}{{IPAplink|u}}/}}}} | Yŭ-;yŭ- | Iu-;iu- | Ju-;ju- | Ûû | Yu-;yu- | Yu-;yu- | Ju-;ju- |Yu-; yu- | Ju-;ju-, -‘u- | |- | [[Ya (Cyrillic)|{{nowrap|Я я}}]] | я | {{IPA|/{{IPAplink|j}}{{IPAplink|a}}/}} or {{nowrap|{{IPA|/{{IPAplink|ʲ}}{{IPAplink|a}}/}}}} | Yă-;yă- | Ia-;ia- | Ja-;ja- | Ââ | Ya-;ya- | Ya-;ya- | Ja-;ja- |Ya-; ya- | Ja-;ja-, -‘a- | |}
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