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Classical liberalism
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== Notable thinkers == {{see also|List of liberal theorists}} {{Original research|date=September 2023|reason=}}{{div col|colwidth=33em}} * [[Thomas Hobbes]]<ref>Lucien Jaume, "Hobbes and the Philosophical Sources of Liberalism", ''The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes' Leviathan'', 211</ref> (1588β1679) * [[James Harrington (author)|James Harrington]] (1611β1677) * [[John Locke]] (1632β1704) * [[Montesquieu]] (1689β1755) * [[David Hume]] (1711β1776) * [[Voltaire]] (1694β1778) * [[Benjamin Franklin]] (1706β1790) * [[Adam Smith]] (1723β1790) * [[Edmund Burke]] (1729β1797) * [[Edward Gibbon]] (1737β1794) * [[Immanuel Kant]] (1724β1804) * [[Anders Chydenius]] (1729β1803) * [[Thomas Paine]] (1737β1809) * [[Cesare Beccaria]] (1738β1794) * [[Marquis de Condorcet]] (1743β1794) * [[Thomas Jefferson]] (1743β1826) * [[Jeremy Bentham]] (1748β1832) * [[Gaetano Filangieri]] (1753β1788) * [[Benjamin Constant]] (1767β1830) * [[David Ricardo]] (1772β1823) * [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] (1805β1859) * [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] (1805β1872)<ref>{{cite book |editor=Bertrand Badie |editor2=Dirk Berg-Schlosser |editor3=Leonardo Morlino |title=International Encyclopedia of Political Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn2iCQAAQBAJ&dq=classical+liberal+Giuseppe+Mazzini&pg=PT1811 |quote= ... thought of classical liberal figures such as John Locke, Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant, Giuseppe Mazzini, and John Stuart Mill. ...|date=2011 |page=44 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|Sage]] |isbn=978-1483305394}}</ref> * [[John Stuart Mill]] (1806β1872) * [[William Ewart Gladstone]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Liberalism rediscovered |url=http://www.economist.com/node/112302 |date=5 February 1998 |access-date=28 June 2017 |magazine=[[The Economist]]}}</ref> (1809β1898) * [[Horace Greeley]] (1811β1873) * [[Fukuzawa Yukichi]]<ref>{{cite book |author=James Mark Shields |date=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce10DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 |title=Against Harmony: Progressive and Radical Buddhism in Modern Japan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=169 |isbn=9780190664008}}</ref> (1835β1901) * [[Henry George]] (1839β1897) * [[Friedrich Naumann]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Robert Leeson |date=2018 |title=Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part XI: Orwellian Rectifiers, Mises' 'Evil Seed' of Christianity and the 'Free' Market Welfare State ''Archival Insights into the Evolution of Economics'' |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |page=468 |quote=Friedrich Naumann was regarded as a classical liberal while also promoting [[National-Social Association|National Socialism]] |isbn=9783319774282}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=P. G. C. van Schie |author2=Gerrit Voermann |date=2006 |title=The Dividing Line Between Success and Failure: A Comparison of Liberalism in the Netherlands and Germany in the 19th and 20th Centuries |publisher=LIT Verlag MΓΌnsters |page=64 |quote=By the turn of the century, the left liberals Friedrich Naumann and Barth sought to redefine classical liberalism for the needs of the rising industrial society.}}</ref> (1860β1919) * [[Ludwig Von Mises]] (1881β1973) * [[Friedrich Hayek]] (1899β1992) * [[Karl Popper]]<ref>{{cite book |date=2015 |title=After the Soviet Empire: Legacies and Pathways |publisher=BRILL |page=143 |quote=They had all forgotten that the classical liberal Karl Popper was definitely opposed to the big bang of rapid changes in whole societal systems. He assumed that changes of this type were bound to cause massive human suffering. |isbn=9789004291454}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Walter B. Weimer |date=2022 |title=Retrieving Liberalism from Rationalist Constructivism, Volume II: Basics of a Liberal Psychological, Social and Moral Order |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |page=255 |isbn=9783030954772}}</ref><ref name="Popper">{{cite book |author=Christian Delacampagne |date=2022 |title=A History of Philosophy in the Twentieth Century |publisher=[[JHU Press]] |page=255 |quote=Among these figures one finds two defenders of the classical liberal tradition, Karl Popper and Raymond Aron; ... |isbn=9780801868146}}</ref> (1902β1994) * [[Raymond Aron]]<ref name="Popper"/> (1905β1983) * [[Milton Friedman]] (1912β2006) * [[Robert Nozick]]<ref>{{cite book |author=John Gray |date=2018 |title=Liberalisms: Essays in Political Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415563758}}</ref> (1938β2002) {{div col end}}
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