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Classification of swords
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===Edgeless and thrusting swords=== The edgeless swords category comprises weapons which are related to or labelled as "swords" but do not emphasise hacking or slashing techniques or have any cutting edges whatsoever. The majority of these elongated weapons were designed for agility, precision and rapid thrusting blows to exploit gaps in the enemy's defences; the major joints of the arms, the opening in a visor. However they mainly saw prominence outside the battlefield as a duelling weapon. ====Basket-hilted sword==== The ''[[basket-hilted sword]]'' is a [[sword]] type of the [[early modern era]] characterised by a basket-shaped [[Hilt#Guard|guard]] that protects the hand. The basket hilt is a development of the [[quillon]]s added to swords' crossguards since the Late Middle Ages. In modern times, this variety of sword is also sometimes referred to as the '''broadsword'''.<ref name="thearma">{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/essays/broadsword.htm|title=Broadswords|publisher=thearma.org|access-date=2014-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite Q|Q105271714|pages=156, 173, 175}}</ref> ===={{lang|grc-Latn|Xiphos}}==== {{main|Xiphos}} The {{lang|grc-Latn|[[Spartan army|Spartiatēs]]}} were always armed with a {{lang|grc-Latn|[[xiphos]]}} as a secondary weapon. Among most Greek warriors, this weapon had an iron blade of about {{convert|60|cm|abbr=on}}. The Spartan version of the sword typically had a blade about {{convert|30|to|45|cm|abbr=on}} in length. The Spartan's shorter weapon proved deadly in the crush caused by colliding phalanx formations, as it was far more capable of being thrust through gaps in the enemy's shield wall and armour, where there was little to no room for longer edged weapons. The groin and throat were among the favourite targets. ====Rapier==== {{main|Rapier}} The term "[[rapier]]" appeared in the English lexicon via the French {{lang|fr|épée rapière}} which either compared the weapon to a rasp or file; it may be a corruption of "rasping sword"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rapier |title=Rapier |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2015-10-08}}</ref> which referred to the sound the blade makes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lemondededartagnan.fr/SITE/ENG/cape_epeehisto.htm |title=Le Monde De D'Artagnan |language=fr |publisher=Lemondededartagnan.fr |access-date=2015-10-08}}</ref> when it comes into contact with another blade. There is no historical Italian equivalent to the English word "rapier".<ref name="salvatorfabris1"/> Some swords categorised as rapiers are completely edgeless or have only a partially sharpened blade, however the majority have effective cutting blades. ====Panzerstecher and koncerz==== The {{lang|de|[[Panzerstecher]]}} ("armour stabber") is a German and East European weapon with a long, edgeless blade of square or triangular cross-section for penetrating armour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dict.cc/german-english/Panzerstecher+%5BBlankwaffe%5D.html |title=dictionary :: Panzerstecher [Blankwaffe] :: German-English translation |publisher=Dict.cc |access-date=2015-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myarmoury.com/review_mrl_estoc.html |title=English Tuck (Estoc) |publisher=myArmoury.com |access-date=2015-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swordforum.com/forums/showthread.php?48815-What-s-a-Panzerstecher |title=What's a Panzerstecher? |publisher=Swordforum.com |access-date=2015-10-08 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112916/http://www.swordforum.com/forums/showthread.php?48815-What-s-a-Panzerstecher |url-status=dead }}</ref> Early models were either two-handers or "hand-and-a-half" hilted,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/211938.html?mulR=22466 |title=Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : Tuck (Panzerstecher) |publisher=Philamuseum.org |access-date=2015-10-08}}</ref> while later 16th and 17th century models (also known as ''[[koncerz]]'') were one-handed and used by cavalry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hermann-historica.de/auktion/hhm48.pl?f=NR&c=38382&t=temartic_1_D&db=kat48_1.txt |title = Hermann Historica - Internationales Auktionshaus für Antiken, Alte Wa… |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130206111414/http://www.hermann-historica.de/auktion/hhm48.pl?f=NR&c=38382&t=temartic_1_D&db=kat48_1.txt |archive-date=6 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ====Tuck and verdun==== The "tuck" (French {{lang|fr|[[estoc]]}}, Italian {{lang|it|stocco}}){{citation needed|date=September 2013}} is an edgeless blade of square or triangular cross-section used for thrusting.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} In French, {{lang|fr|estoc}} also means thrust or point; and {{lang|fr|estoc et taille}} means thrust and cut.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} The tuck may also get its name from the verb "to tuck" which means "to shorten".{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} ====Small-sword==== {{main|Small sword}} The '''[[small sword]]''' or '''smallsword''' (also '''court sword''' or '''dress sword''', {{langx|fr|épée de cour}}){{citation needed|date=September 2013}} is a light one-handed sword designed for thrusting{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} which evolved out of the longer and heavier rapier of the late [[Renaissance]].{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} The height of the small sword's popularity was between the mid-17th and late 18th century.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} It is thought to have appeared in [[France]] and spread quickly across the rest of [[Europe]].{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} The small sword was the immediate predecessor of the Épée de Combat from which the [[Épée]] developed<ref>Evangelista, Nick. ''The Encyclopedia of the Sword. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1995. p. 208</ref> and its method of use—as typified in the works of such authors as Sieur de Liancour, [[Domenico Angelo]], Monsieur J. Olivier, and Monsieur L'Abbat—developed into the techniques of the French classical school of fencing.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} Small swords were also used as status symbols and fashion accessories; for most of the 18th century anyone, civilian or military, with pretensions to gentlemanly status would have worn a small sword on a daily basis.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}
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