Editing Colima (section)

===Independence to the present===
In the early 19th century, the commercial port of Manzanillo was opened to domestic and international traffic for a brief time. The first Colima newspaper called "El Observador de las Leyes" was published at this time as well.<ref name="enchis"/>

With the outbreak of the [[Mexican War of Independence]], authorities arrested the head of Indian communities along with suspected insurgents in October 1810. This was despite the fact that [[Nahua peoples|Nahua]] groups had organized to defend against the insurgents upon hearing that they were enemies of the king and planned to destroy churches. One accused insurgent was José Antonio Díaz, the parish priest of Almoloyán and friend of [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]]. Later he would join the insurgent army. During the war, the city of Colima was taken by the insurgents Jose Antonio Torres at the end of 1810 without resistance and taken back by the royalist army in 1811.<ref name="enchis"/><ref name="conocolima"/> In 1811, royalist troops defeated the insurgents under José Calixto Martinez at the Battle of Los Llanos de Santa Juana. Insurgents took back the city in 1812 under the command of Ignacio Sandoval and Miguel Gallaga. In 1813, the city was in royalist hands with the city swearing allegiance to the monarchist constitution. In 1821 the [[Plan of Iguala]] for Mexican independence was proclaimed in the city, and accepted by local authorities. Immediately after Independence, Colima was still a subdelegation of Guadalajara. In 1821, Colima lost the Zapotlán areas along with the towns of Tecalitlán and Xilotlán, but gained the town of Tonila. This and earlier losses of territory would define the area's modern borders.<ref name="enchis"/>

In 1824, with [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|Mexico's first constitution]], Colima was an [[Colima Territory|independent territory]]. It integrated with Michoacán in 1837. In 1846, it became a separate territory again, and in 1856, was made a state with the triumph of the Liberals. Its status as a state was reaffirmed by the [[Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857|1857 Mexican Constitution]] and General Manuel Alvarez was declared its first constitutional governor.<ref name="enchis"/><ref name="conocolima"/>

Colima served as a provisional seat for [[Benito Juárez]]'s Liberal government in 1858 during the [[Reform War]]. In 1861, the Revillagigedo Islands were added to Colima's territory. [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French troops entered the city]] in 1864, dissolving the state congress, with Colima becoming a department in 1865. In 1867, Republican troops under Ramon Corona retook the city.<ref name="enchis"/> Colima became a diocese independent of Guadalajara in 1881.<ref name="diocesehis">{{cite web |url=http://www.diocesisdecolima.org/index.php/historia/diocesis |title=Historia de la Diócesis |publisher=Diocese of Colima |location=Colima, Mexico |language=es |trans-title=History of the Diocese |access-date=July 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205003646/http://www.diocesisdecolima.org/index.php/historia/diocesis |archive-date=December 5, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The latter part of the 19th century saw the introduction of industry with textile factories such as La Armonía, La Atrevida and San Cayetano. The [[telegraph]] arrived to the state in 1869 to connect the capital and the port of Manzanillo. Similarly, the telephone service was added in 1883. Railroad service between the two cities began in 1889 and a city tram was added to the capital in 1892.<ref name="enchis"/>

During the [[Mexican Revolution]], there were no major battles but there were local clashes. In 1911, troops loyal to [[Francisco I. Madero]] entered Colima and suspended the state congress. After the war, social organizations that would mark Mexico's development for much of the 20th century were created in Colima as well, especially [[ejido]]s, with the one in Suchitlán being the first. Another important movement was the creation of workers' unions and cooperatives such as the Unión de Estibadores in Manzanillo. In 1919, President [[Venustiano Carranza]] created the Sociedad Cooperativa de Salineros in the city of Colima with the exclusive rights to extract salt from Cuyutlán Lake. These changes were imposed by federal authorities outside of Colima, leading to political instability within the state, especially during elections.<ref name="enchis"/>

Federal intervention from Mexico City continued into the 1920s, with a number of laws to reform schools, hospitals and other institutions, which before had been mostly operated by the Catholic Church. This was opposed by many in the state who supported the Church's formerly prominent role in political and social affairs. The Ley de Cultos (Religion Law) of 1926 gave rise to the [[Cristero War]] pitting those favoring the Catholic Church against those favoring agrarian and socialist reform. Battles and skirmishes related to this conflict took place in a number of locales in Mexico but it caused severe problems in Colima, causing major divisions with no formal resolution.<ref name="enchis"/>

Textile production that began in the 19th century ended by the mid 20th century, though farmers continued to grow cotton to ship to Guadalajara. In the 1940s, the Tecomán Valley began to be intensively cultivated, creating a new source income for the state, with limes as the principle crop, and leading to the development of agro-industry.<ref name="enchis"/>
[[File:Colima University Hall.png|thumb|Colima University Hall "Coronel Pedro Torres Ortiz"]]
The [[University of Colima|Universidad (Popular) de Colima]] was founded in 1942.<ref name="enchis"/>

Much of the history of the latter 20th century into the present revolves around economic development. [[1959 Mexico hurricane|A hurricane]] devastated the state in 1959. The Plan Colima was conceived and executed to improve the general infrastructure of the state during the 1980s by then Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid. It was prompted mostly by road congestion due to port shipping in Manzanillo as well as the growing tourism sector. It was designed to facilitate in-state transportation and connect the state better to the rest of Mexico. The main aspect of the plan was the construction of highways such as the highway that connects Manzanillo to Guadalajara and then onto [[Tampico]]. This highway was amplified at the end of the decade and made a toll road on approach to Manzanillo. The last decades have seen a new wave of industrial construction with the building of facilities for businesses such as [[Cementos Apasco]], [[Citrojugo]], [[Brun Foods]], Embotelladora de Tecomán, Consorcio Minero Benito Juárez-Peña Colorada, Grupo Agroindustrial de Occidente, AMTEX and others.<ref name="xochitl65to66"/>

Mexico's struggles with drug traffickers include the state, which is along Pacific Coast smuggling routes. For the first quarter of 2011, there were 52 registered homicides in the state, most linked to organized crime. This is significantly higher than previous years with most of these occurring in Colima, Villa de Alvarez and Manzanillo.<ref name="ejecutados">{{cite news |title=52 ejecutados en Colima en cuatro meses |url=http://www.colimanoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13270:52-ejecutados-en-colima-en-cuatro-meses&catid=1:Ultimas%20Noticias |newspaper=Colima Noticias |location=Colima, Mexico |access-date=July 29, 2011 |language=es |trans-title=52 executed in Colima in four months |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307015836/http://colimanoticias.com/index.php?catid=1:ultimas%20noticias&id=13270:52-ejecutados-en-colima-en-cuatro-meses&option=com_content&view=article |url-status=live }}</ref>