Editing Crash test dummy (section)

==Testing procedure==
[[File:B09717P006.jpg|thumb|Hybrid III undergoing calibration]]
Every Hybrid III undergoes calibration prior to a crash test. Its head is removed and then dropped from {{convert|40|cm|in}} to calibrate the head instrumentation. Then the head and neck are reattached, set in motion, and stopped abruptly to check for proper neck flexure. Hybrids wear [[chamois leather]] skin; the knees are struck with a metal probe to check for proper puncture. Finally, the head and neck are attached to the body, which is attached to a test platform and struck violently in the chest by a heavy pendulum to ensure that the [[human rib cage|rib]]s bend and flex as they should.

When the dummy has been determined to be ready for testing, calibration marks are fastened to the side of the head to aid researchers when slow-motion [[film]]s are reviewed later. The dummy is then placed inside the test vehicle, set to seating position and then marked on the head and knees. Up to fifty-eight data channels located in all parts of the Hybrid III, from the head to the [[ankle]], record between 30,000 and 35,000 data items in a typical 100–150&nbsp;[[millisecond]] crash. These data are recorded in a temporary data repository in the dummy's [[chest]] and then downloaded to a [[computer]] once the test is complete.

Because the Hybrid is a standardized data collection device, any part of a particular Hybrid type is interchangeable with any other. Not only can one dummy be tested several times, but if a part should fail, it can be replaced with a new part. A fully instrumented dummy is worth about [[Euro|€]]150,000.<ref>[http://crash.citroenz.biz/how-tests-r-done.html How the Test are done] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507181833/http://crash.citroenz.biz/how-tests-r-done.html |date=2011-05-07 }} (19 March 2003). Retrieved April 18, 2006.</ref>

=== Positioning and restraints ===
[[File:V05265P096.jpg|thumb|10-year-old Hybrid III dummy in a booster seat after a frontal [[crash test]].]]
Children in the three-year-old age group are more likely to have a fatality because it is the age where positioning is crucial. In some countries, children transition from facing the rear of the car to facing the front at this age. A study was done on restraints and positioning of three-year-olds. It was concluded that being restrained and in the front seat has a lower fatality rate than children positioned in the back seat but not restrained.<ref name=":0" /> The safety results indicated that children should be placed in the back seat and restrained. It also suggests that restraints have a bigger impact on safety than seating positions.<ref name=":0" /> A lap belt used on children will not provide as much safety as it would for an adult, due to the flexibility of children. An adult seatbelt could do more harm to a child than good, which is why children should properly be utilizing the Child Restraint System instead. This system includes a booster seat and a proper belt that fits the child's criteria including age, weight and height.<ref name=":0" />

===Specialized dummies===
Hybrid IIIs are designed to research the effects of frontal impacts, and are less useful in assessing the effects of other types of impact, such as side impacts, rear impacts, or [[Vehicle rollover|rollover]]s. After head-on collisions, the most common severe injury accident is the side impact.

[[File:V06586P040.jpg|thumb|WorldSID is an advanced side impact ATD, used for EuroNCAP side impact test modes.]]

*The '''SID''' (Side Impact Dummy) family of test dummies is designed to measure rib, [[human vertebral column|spine]], and internal organ effects in side collisions. It also assesses spine and rib deceleration and compression of the chest cavity. SID is the United States government testing standard, EuroSID is used in [[Europe]] to ensure compliance with safety standards, and SID II(s) represents a 5th-percentile female. BioSID is a more sophisticated version of SID and EuroSID,{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} but is not used in a regulatory capacity. The WorldSID is a project to develop a new generation of dummy under the [[International Organization for Standardization]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCn68l9aQXfK1uFyST20ErcQ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525160441/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCn68l9aQXfK1uFyST20ErcQ|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2020|title=SciTech Connect: Anthropometry for WorldSID, a World-Harmonized Midsize Male Side Impact Crash Dummy|author=S. Moss|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.digitalengineering247.com/article/smarter-dummy/testing-services | title=Data Acquisition System is Key to Engineering a Smarter Dummy | date=November 2014 }}</ref>
*'''BioRID''' is a dummy designed to assess the effects of a rear impact. Its primary purpose is to research [[Whiplash (medicine)|whiplash]], and to aid designers in developing effective head and neck restraints. BioRID is more sophisticated in its spinal construction than Hybrid; 24 [[vertebra]] simulators allow BioRID to assume a much more natural seating posture, and to demonstrate the neck movement and configuration seen in rear-end collisions.

[[File:V06240P036.jpg|thumb|12-month-old CRABI dummy in a child safety restraint seat.]]

*'''CRABI''' is a child dummy used to evaluate the effectiveness of child restraint devices, including [[seat belt]]s and [[air bag]]s. There are three models of the CRABI, representing 18-month, 12-month, and 6-month-old children.
*'''FGOA''' is a first generation obese anthropometric test device which can be used to study the automotive safety challenges for obese occupants, who are believed to have higher risk of mortality in automobile collisions comparing to non-obese occupants.

[[File:B11112P009.jpg|thumb|THOR offers sophisticated instrumentation for assessing frontal-impacts]]

*'''THOR''' is currently the most advanced dummy on the market.<ref name="youtube.com"/> The successor of Hybrid III, THOR has a more human-like spine and [[human pelvis|pelvis]], and its [[face]] contains a number of sensors which allow analysis of facial impacts to an accuracy currently unobtainable with other dummies. THOR's range of sensors is also greater in quantity and sensitivity than those of Hybrid III. THOR's original manufacturer, GESAC Inc., ceased production after the slowdown of the auto industry in the late 2000s. THOR was being further developed, and two other companies were working on similar dummies; NHTSA's ultimate goal for this government-funded project was the development of a single THOR dummy, but THOR dummy development stopped. FTSS, bought by [[Humanetics]], and DentonATD both continued to produce the THOR LX and THOR FLX.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}}
*'''Linda''' is a virtual pregnant crash dummy developed by [[Volvo]] engineer Laura Thackray in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pregnant Crash Test Dummies {{!}} Gendered Innovations {{!}} Sweden |url=https://www.genderedinnovations.se/page/en-US/68/Pregnant_Crash_Test_Dummies#:~:text=In%202002,%20Volvo%20developed%20a,and%20improperly-belted%20pregnant%20passengers. |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.genderedinnovations.se}}</ref> Linda is modelled in her 36th week of pregnancy to analyze the effects of high-speed impact on the womb, placenta, and fetus.
*Animal models have been used to test the safety of dog harnesses and crates in crash conditions.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.click2houston.com/news/new-crash-tests-help-keep-dogs-safe-in-cars | title=New crash tests help keep dogs safe in cars | publisher=Click 2 Houston | date=25 November 2015 | access-date=7 July 2016 | author=Donchey, Sarah| work=KPRC }}</ref>