Editing Crystal oscillator (section)

==== Quality ====
[[Infrared spectrophotometry]] is used as one of the methods for measuring the quality of the grown crystals. The [[wavenumber]]s 3585, 3500, and 3410&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup> are commonly used. The measured value is based on the [[absorption band]]s of the [[OH radical]] and the infrared Q value is calculated. The electronic grade crystals, grade C, have Q of 1.8 million or above; the premium grade B crystals have Q of 2.2 million, and special premium grade A crystals have Q of 3.0 million. The Q value is calculated only for the z region; crystals containing other regions can be adversely affected. Another quality indicator is the etch channel density; when the crystal is [[etching|etched]], tubular channels are created along linear defects. For processing involving etching, e.g. the wristwatch tuning fork crystals, low etch channel density is desirable. The etch channel density for swept quartz is about 10–100 and significantly more for unswept quartz. Presence of etch channels and etch pits degrades the resonator's Q and introduces nonlinearities.<ref name="patentstorm1">John R. Vig ''et al.'' ''Method of making miniature high frequency SC-cut quartz crystal resonators'' {{US patent|4554717}}, Issue date: November 26, 1985.</ref>