Editing Dative case (section)

==Indo-Aryan languages==

=== Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) ===
[[Hindustani grammar|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]]) has true dative case for pronouns, but for nouns the dative case has to be constructed using the dative case-marker (postposition) को کو (ko) to the nouns in their oblique case. Pronouns in Hindustani also have an oblique case, so dative pronouns can also be alternatively constructed using the dative case-marker को کو (ko) with the pronouns in their oblique case, hence forming two sets of synonymous dative pronouns. The following table shows the pronouns in their nominative and their dative forms. Hindustani lacks pronouns in the third person and the demonstrative pronouns double as the third person pronouns.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-20|title=Hindi Pronouns|url=https://hindilanguage.info/hindi-grammar/pronouns/|access-date=2020-08-17|website=hindilanguage.info|language=en-US}}</ref> [http://14.139.116.20:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/114358/10/10_chapter%203.pdf]
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="4" |Case
! colspan="5" |Personal Pronouns
! colspan="8" |Non-Personal Pronouns
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |1st Person
! colspan="3" |2nd Person
! colspan="4" |Demonstrative
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Relative
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Interrogative
|-
!Intimate
!Neutral
!Formal
! colspan="2" |Proximal
! colspan="2" |Distal
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
! colspan="2" |Singular & Plural
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|मैं 
میں

ma͠i
|हम
ہم

ham
|तू
تو

tū
|तुम
تم

tum
|आप
آپ

āp
|यह
یہ

yah
|ये
یے

ye
|वह
وہ

vah
|वे
وے

ve
| colspan="2" |जो
جو

jo
| colspan="2" |कौन
کون

kaun
|-
!Dative
|मुझे
مجھے

mujhe
|हमें
ہمیں

hamẽ
|तुझे
تجھے

tujhe
|तुम्हें
تمھیں

tumhẽ
|—
|इसे
اسے

ise
|इन्हें
انہیں

inhẽ
|उसे
اسے

use
|उन्हें
انہیں

unhẽ
|जिसे
جسے

jise
|जिन्हें
جنہیں

jinhẽ
|किसे
کیسے

kise
|किन्हें
کنھیں

kinhẽ
|}
The table below shows the oblique cases of Hindustani for the nouns ''boy'' and ''girl'' which take in the dative case-marker after them to assign the combination of the oblique case and the case-marker the dative case.  The oblique case of Hindustani by itself has no meaning and adding the case-marker को کو (ko) assigns the oblique case the function of the dative case.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267724707_CASE_IN_HINDI <nowiki>Case in Hindi (Mark Spencer) [2005]</nowiki>]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://read.pudn.com/downloads157/ebook/698227/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87/189.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-08-17 |archive-date=2020-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924024341/http://read.pudn.com/downloads157/ebook/698227/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87/189.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Montrul|first1=Silvina|last2=Bhatia|first2=Archna|last3=Bhatt|first3=Rakesh|last4=Puri|first4=Vandana|date=2019|title=Case Marking in Hindi as the Weaker Language|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|language=en|volume=10|page=461|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00461|pmid=30941069|pmc=6433818|issn=1664-1078|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_57704/component/file_2629949/content |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-08-17 |archive-date=2020-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924024346/https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_57704/component/file_2629949/content |url-status=dead }}</ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/153733/14/14_chapter%206%20%28pg%20206-252%29.pdf]
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |boy
! colspan="2" |girl
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|लड़का
لڑکا

laṛkā
|लड़के
لڑکے

laṛke
|लड़की
لڑکی

laṛkī
|लड़कियाँ
لڑکیاں

laṛkiyā̃
|-
!Dative
|लड़के को
لڑکے کو

laṛke-ko
|लड़कों को
لڑکوں کو

laṛkõ-ko
|लड़की को
لڑکی کو

laṛkī-ko
|लड़कियों को
لڑکیوں کو

laṛkiyõ-ko
|}
Dative case in Hindustani can also mark the subject of a sentence. This is called the [[dative construction]] or [[quirky subject]]s.<ref name=":3" /> In the examples below the dative pronoun passes the subjecthood test of subject-oriented anaphora binding. The dative subject मुझे مجھے  (''mujhe'') binds the [[Anaphora (linguistics)|anaphora]] अपने اپنے  (''apne'').

{{fs interlinear|indent=3|italics2=no|italics3=yes|glossing4=yes
|मुझे अपने सभी रिश्तेदार पसंद हैं
|مجھے اپنے سبھی رشتےدار پسند ہیں
|mujhe<sub>i</sub> apne<sub>i</sub> sabhī rishtedār pasand hɛ̄
|I.DAT REFL.MASC.PL  all.NOM relatives.MASC.PL like  be.PRS.MASC.PL
|'I like all my relatives'}}

{{fs interlinear|indent=3|italics2=no|italics3=yes|glossing4=yes
|मुझे अपने काम करने हैं
|مجھے اپنے کام کرنے ہیں
|mujhe<sub>i</sub> apne<sub>i</sub> kām karne hɛ̄
|I.DAT REFL.MASC.PL work.NOM do.INF.PTCP.MASC.PL be.PRS.MASC.PL
|'I have/want to do my work.'}}

=== Sanskrit ===
The dative case is known as the "fourth case" (chaturthi-vibhakti) in the usual procedure in the declension of nouns. Its use is mainly for the indirect object.

puruṣo ''bhāryāyai'' dadāti — The man gives everything ''to his wife''.

''yuddhāyā''gacchāmīti bhaṇati vīraḥ — The hero says, "I come ''for battle''."

The fourth case can also be used to indicate a recipient of worship.

namo ''buddhāya'' — Homage ''to the Buddha''.