Editing Dog intelligence (section)

== Theory of mind ==
{{Further|Dog behavior|Theory of mind}}
Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states—[[belief]]s, [[intention|intents]], [[desire (emotion)|desires]], [[role-playing|pretending]], [[knowledge]], etc.—to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Premack | first1 = D. G. | last2 = Woodruff | first2 = G. | year = 1978| title = Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? | journal = Behavioral and Brain Sciences | volume = 1 | issue = 4| pages = 515–526 | doi=10.1017/s0140525x00076512| doi-access = free }}</ref> There is some evidence that dogs demonstrate a [[theory of mind]] by engaging in deception. For example, one observer reported that a dog hid a stolen treat by sitting on it until the rightful owner of the treat left the room.<ref name="coren"/> Although this could have been accidental, it suggests that the thief understood that the treat's owner would be unable to find the treat if it were out of view.<ref name="coren"/><ref name="ach"/> A study found that dogs are able to discriminate an object that a human partner is looking for based on its relevance for the partner and they are more keen on indicating an object that is relevant to the partner compared to an irrelevant one; this suggests that dogs might have a rudimentary version of some of the skills necessary for theory of mind.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Piotti|first1=Patrizia|last2=Kaminski|first2=Juliane|date=2016-08-10|title=Do Dogs Provide Information Helpfully?|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=11|issue=8|pages=e0159797|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0159797|pmid=27508932|pmc=4980001|issn=1932-6203|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1159797P|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dogs can figure what a human is seeing.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-89533-4 |title=What Dogs Know |date=2021 |pages=57–59 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-89533-4 |last1=Bräuer |first1=Juliane |last2=Kaminski |first2=Juliane |isbn=978-3-030-89532-7 }}</ref>