Editing Emirate of Transjordan (section)

===1946 independence===
[[File:Treaty of Alliance between His Majesty in respect of the United Kingdom and His Highness the Amir of Trans-Jordan, cmd. 6779.pdf|thumb|1946 Treaty of Alliance between His Majesty in respect of the United Kingdom and His Highness the Amir of Trans-Jordan, cmd. 6779]]
{{see also|Jordan|End of the British Mandate for Palestine}}

On 17 January 1946, [[Ernest Bevin]], the British [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]], announced in a speech at the [[General Assembly of the United Nations]] that the British Government intended to take steps in the near future to establish Transjordan as a fully independent and sovereign state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Attitude of the United States regarding the granting of independence to Trans-Jordan by the United Kingdom |url=http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1946v07/reference/frus.frus1946v07.i0017.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929005228/http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1946v07/reference/frus.frus1946v07.i0017.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2018 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington}}</ref> The [[Treaty of London (1946)|Treaty of London]] was signed by the British Government and the Emir of Transjordan on 22 March 1946 as a mechanism to recognise the full independence of Transjordan upon ratification by both countries parliaments. Transjordan's impending independence was recognized on 18 April 1946 by the [[League of Nations]] during the last meeting of that organization.<ref name=hall/> On 25 May 1946 the Transjordan became the "'''Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan'''" when the ruling 'Amir' was re-designated as 'King' by the parliament of Transjordan on the day it ratified the Treaty of London. 25 May is still celebrated as independence day in Jordan although officially the mandate for Transjordan ended on 17 June 1946 when in accordance with the Treaty of London the ratifications were exchanged in Amman and Transjordan gained full independence.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/pdf/1946/TS0032.pdf |title=Treaty of Alliance |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004033332/http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/pdf/1946/TS0032.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2018 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1949 the country's official name was changed to the "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Transjordan, the Hāshimite Kingdom, and the Palestine war |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |author=Ian J. Bickerton, Kamel S. Abu Jaber |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jordan/Transjordan-the-Hashimite-Kingdom-and-the-Palestine-war |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074429/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jordan/Transjordan-the-Hashimite-Kingdom-and-the-Palestine-war |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5010 |title=The Hashemites and the Creation of Transjordan |work=Atlas of Jordan: History, Territories and Society |author=Myriam Ababsa |publisher=Presses de l’Ifpo, Institut français du Proche-Orient |year=2013 |location=Beirut |isbn=9782351593783 |quote=... the creation of the Kingdom of Jordan in 1949... |pages=212–221 |access-date=5 February 2015 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205053835/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/5010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

When King Abdullah applied for membership in the newly formed [[United Nations]], his request was vetoed by the [[Soviet Union]], citing that the nation was not "fully independent" of British control. This resulted in another treaty in March 1948 with Britain in which all restrictions on sovereignty were removed. Despite this, Jordan was not a full member of the United Nations until 14 December 1955.<ref>{{cite book |author=James R. Crawford |title=The Creation of States in International Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiWQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA579 |date=15 March 2007 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-151195-0 |pages=579– |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801081525/https://books.google.com/books?id=jiWQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA579 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Anglo-American treaty, also known as the Palestine Mandate Convention, permitted the US to delay any unilateral British action to terminate the mandate. The earlier proclamation of the independence of Syria and Lebanon had said "the independence and sovereignty of Syria and Lebanon will not affect the juridical situation as it results from the Mandate Act. Indeed, this situation could be changed only with the agreement of the Council of the League of Nations, with the consent of the Government of the United States, a signatory of the Franco-American Convention of 4 April 1924".<ref>See Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1941. The British Commonwealth; the Near East and Africa Volume III (1941), pages 809–810; and Statement of General de Gaulle of 29 November 1941, concerning the Mandate for Syria and Lebanon, Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963) 680–681</ref>

The U.S. adopted the policy that formal termination of the mandate with respect to Transjordan would follow the earlier precedent established by the [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon]]. That meant termination would generally be recognized upon the admission of Transjordan into the United Nations as a fully independent country.<ref>See Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. The Near East and Africa Volume VII (1946), page 798 [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&entity=FRUS.FRUS1946v07.p0810&id=FRUS.FRUS1946v07&isize=M] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007121558/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&entity=FRUS.FRUS1946v07.p0810&id=FRUS.FRUS1946v07&isize=M|date=7 October 2009}}</ref> Members of the U.S. Congress introduced resolutions demanding that the U.S. Representative to the United Nations be instructed to seek postponement of any international determination of the status of Transjordan until the future status of Palestine as a whole was determined. The U.S. State Department also received a legal argument from Rabbis Wise and Silver objecting to the independence of Transjordan.<ref>See Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. General, the United Nations Volume I, (1946), 411 [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1946v01&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=411] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604174813/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1946v01&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=411|date=4 June 2011}}</ref> At the 1947 Pentagon Conference, the U.S. advised Great Britain it was withholding recognition of Transjordan pending a decision on the Palestine question by the United Nations.<ref>Foreign relations of the United States, 1947. The Near East and Africa, Volume V, Page 603 [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1947v05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=603] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604174822/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1947v05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=603|date=4 June 2011}}</ref>

Transjordan applied for membership of the United Nations on 26 June 1946.<ref name=Hall>{{cite book |author=H. Duncan Hall |title=Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |year=1948 |place=London |pages=126–127}}</ref> The Polish representative said that he did not object to the independence of Transjordan, but requested that the application be postponed for a year on the grounds that legal procedures required by the Covenant of the League of Nations had not been carried out. The British representative responded that the League of Nations had already approved the termination of the mandate in Transjordan.<ref name=UNSC57a>[http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/NL4/600/08/PDF/NL460008.pdf?OpenElement ''Minutes of the 57th meeting of the Security Council'']{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, pp. 100–101, 29 August 1946; S/PV.57.<br />
"The League of Nations recently, on its deathbed, formally declared Transjordan free from the mandate." (p. 101)</ref><ref name=hall>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FU2PAAAAMAAJ&q=termination+mandated+status+Transjordan ''Mandates, dependencies and trusteeship''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929035359/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FU2PAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions:yRYr6tknGj0C&q=termination+mandated+status+Transjordan |date=29 September 2022 }}. League of Nations resolution, 18 April 1946 quoted in {{cite book |author=Duncan Hall |page=267 |title=Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship |year=1948 |quote="The Assembly...Recalls the role of the League in assisting Iraq to progress from its status under an "A" Mandate to a condition of complete independence, welcomes the termination of the mandated status of Syria, the Lebanon, and Transjordan, which have, since the last session of the Assembly, become independent members of the world community."}}</ref> When the issue was voted on, Transjordan's application achieved the required total number of votes, but was vetoed by the Soviet Union which did not approve membership of any countries with which it did not have diplomatic relations.<ref name=UNSC57b>[http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/NL4/600/08/PDF/NL460008.pdf?OpenElement ''Minutes of the 57th meeting of the Security Council'']{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, pp. 138–139, 29 August 1946; S/PV.57. In favour: Brazil, China, Egypt, France, Mexico, Netherlands, UK, USA. Against: Poland, USSR. Abstention: Australia</ref><ref name=Liang>{{cite journal |author=Yuen-Li Liang |title=Conditions of admission of a state to membership in the United Nations |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=43 |year=1949 |issue=2 |pages=288–303 |doi=10.2307/2193036 |jstor=2193036 |s2cid=147409592}}</ref> This problem and similar problems caused by vetoes of the memberships of Ireland, Portugal, Austria, Finland and Italy took several years and many votes to solve.<ref name=Liang/> Jordan was finally admitted to membership on 14 December 1955.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |title=Member States of the United Nations |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>