Editing Epidural administration (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of neuraxial anesthesia}}
[[File:Fidel Pagés visiting an injured person in Melilla in the 1909 campaign.gif|thumb|Spanish doctor [[Fidel Pagés]] visiting injured soldiers at the Docker Hospital in Melilla in 1909]]

The first record of an epidural injection is from 1885, when American neurologist James Corning of [[Acorn Hall]] in Morristown, New Jersey, used the technique to perform a [[neuraxial blockade]]. Corning inadvertently injected 111&nbsp;mg of cocaine into the epidural space of a healthy male volunteer,<ref name=Corning1885>{{cite journal|last=Corning|first=JL|title=Spinal anaesthesia and local medication of the cord|journal=New York Medical Journal|volume=42|pages=483–5|year=1885}}</ref> although at the time he believed he was injecting it into the subarachnoid space.<ref name=Marx1994>{{cite journal|last=Marx |first=GF |title=The first spinal anesthesia. Who deserves the laurels? |journal=Regional Anesthesia |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=429–30 |year=1994 |pmid=7848956}}</ref> Following this, in 1901 Fernand Cathelin first reported intentionally blocking the lowest sacral and coccygeal nerves through the epidural space by injecting local anesthetic through the [[sacral hiatus]].<ref name=":0"/> The loss of resistance technique was first described by Achile Dogliotti in 1933, following which Alberto Gutiérrez described the hanging drop technique. Both techniques are now used to identify when the needle has correctly been placed in the epidural space.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0"/>

In 1921 [[Fidel Pagés]], a military surgeon from Spain, developed the technique of "single-shot" lumbar epidural anesthesia,<ref name=Pages1921>{{cite journal|last=Pagés|first=F|author-link=Fidel Pagés|title=Anestesia metamérica|language=es|journal=Revista de Sanidad Militar|volume=11|pages=351–4|year=1921}}</ref> which was later popularized by Italian surgeon Achille Mario Dogliotti.<ref name=Dogliotti1933>{{cite journal|vauthors=Dogliotti AM |title=Research and clinical observations on spinal anesthesia: with special reference to the peridural technique |journal=Current Researches in Anesthesia & Analgesia |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=59–65 |year=1933}}</ref> Later, in 1931 [[Eugen Aburel]] described using a continuous epidural catheter for pain relief during childbirth.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Curelaru I, Sandu L |title=Eugen Bogdan Aburel (1899–1975). The pioneer of regional analgesia for pain relief in childbirth |journal=Anaesthesia |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=663–9 |date=June 1982 |pmid=6178307 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2044.1982.tb01279.x|s2cid=23183413 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal|vauthors=Goerig M, Freitag M, Standl T |date=December 2002 |title=One hundred years of epidural anaesthesia—the men behind the technical development |journal=International Congress Series |volume=1242 |pages=203–212 |doi=10.1016/s0531-5131(02)00770-7}}</ref> In 1941, Robert Hingson and Waldo Edwards recorded the use of continuous caudal anesthesia using an indwelling needle,<ref name="Edwards1942">{{cite journal|vauthors=Edwards WB, Hingson RA |title=Continuous caudal anesthesia in obstetrics |journal=American Journal of Surgery |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=459–64 |year=1942 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9610(42)90599-3}}</ref> following which they described the use of a flexible catheter for continuous caudal anesthesia in a woman in labor in 1942.<ref name="HingsonJAMA1943">{{cite journal| vauthors=Hingson RA, Edwards WE |title=Continuous Caudal Analgesia in Obstetrics |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=225–9 |year=1943 |doi=10.1001/jama.1943.02840040001001}}</ref> In 1947, Manuel Curbelo described placement of a lumbar epidural catheter,<ref name=Curbelo1949>{{cite journal|last=Martinez Curbelo |first=M |title=Continuous peridural segmental anesthesia by means of a ureteral catheter |journal= Current Researches in Anesthesia & Analgesia|volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=13–23 |year=1949  |pmid=18105827 |doi=10.1213/00000539-194901000-00002}}</ref> and in 1979, Behar reported the first use of an epidural to administer narcotics.<ref name=Behar1979>{{cite journal|last1=Behar|first1=M|last2=Olshwang|first2=D|last3=Magora|first3=F|last4=Davidson|first4=J|s2cid=37432948|title=Epidural morphine in treatment of pain|journal=The Lancet|volume=313|issue=8115|pages=527–529|year=1979|pmid=85109|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(79)90947-4}}</ref>