Editing Expression vector (section)

===Production of peptide and protein pharmaceuticals===
Most protein [[pharmaceuticals]] are now produced through recombinant DNA technology using expression vectors. These peptide and protein pharmaceuticals may be hormones, vaccines, antibiotics, antibodies, and enzymes.<ref name="pharmaceutical">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhlApPkxpuAC&pg=PA693 |title=Handbook of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology |author=Shayne Cox Gad |page=693 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2007 |isbn= 978-0-471-21386-4 }}</ref>  The first human recombinant protein used for disease management, insulin, was introduced in 1982.<ref name="pharmaceutical"/> Biotechnology allows these peptide and protein pharmaceuticals, some of which were previously rare or difficult to obtain, to be produced in large quantity. It also reduces the risks of contaminants such as host viruses, toxins and [[prions]]. Examples from the past include [[prion]] contamination in [[growth hormone]] extracted from [[pituitary gland]]s harvested from human cadavers, which caused [[Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease]] in patients receiving treatment for [[dwarfism]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Parents sue over contaminated human growth hormone |author=Alexander Dorozynski |journal=British Medical Journal |year=2002 |volume= 324 |issue=7349 |page=1294|pmc=1123268 |pmid=12039815 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7349.1294/b}}</ref> and viral contaminants in clotting [[factor VIII]] isolated from human blood that resulted in the transmission of viral diseases such as [[hepatitis]] and [[AIDS]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhlApPkxpuAC&pg=PA738 |title=Handbook of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology |author=Shayne Cox Gad |page=738 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn= 978-0-471-21386-4 |date=2007-05-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E4DA1F3EF931A15756C0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1=2157 | title = 2 Paths of Bayer Drug in 80's: Riskier One Steered Overseas |vauthors=Bogdanich W, Koli E | date = 2003-05-22 | journal = The New York Times | pages = A1, C5 | pmid = 12812170 }}</ref> Such risk is reduced or removed completely when the proteins are produced in non-human host cells.