Editing Expulsions and exoduses of Jews (section)

=== 20th century ===
;1917
: Jews expelled [[1917 Jaffa deportation|from the area of Jaffa]] by Ottoman authorities during World War I.

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0928-501, England, Jüdische Flüchtlingskinder crop.jpg|thumb|First batch of refugee children arrive in England from Germany]]
[[File:19450715 Buchenwald survivors arrive in Haifa.jpg|thumb|Buchenwald survivors arrive in Haifa]]
;1933–1957
:{{main|Emigration of Jews from Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe}}
:The [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] persecution started with the [[Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses]] in 1933, reached a first climax during ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' in 1938 and culminated in [[the Holocaust]] of [[European Jewry]]. The 1938 [[Evian Conference]], the 1943 [[Bermuda Conference]] and other attempts failed to resolve the problem of Jewish refugees, a fact widely used in [[Nazi propaganda]].{{NoteTag|See also: [[MS St. Louis|MS ''St. Louis'']]}} A small number of [[German Jewish|German]] and [[Austrian Jewish]] refugees from Nazism emigrated to Britain, where attitudes were not necessarily positive.<ref name="Manchester">{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2013-02-british-jews-nazis-myth.html |title=Warm British welcome for Jews fleeing Nazis a 'myth' |publisher=[[Phys.org]] / [[University of Manchester]] |date=February 27, 2013 |access-date=August 4, 2016}}</ref> Many of the refugees fought for Britain in the Second World War. Already before the Holocaust, by February 1940, the [[expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany]] from [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied]] western Poland also targeted some 20,000 Polish Jews.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2017|title=Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=15|isbn=978-83-8098-174-4}}</ref> There was a special institution set up in 1939 to coordinate the expulsion, initially named the Special Staff for the Resettlement of Poles and Jews (''Sonderstab für die Aussiedlung von Polen und Juden''), soon renamed to Office for the Resettlement of Poles and Jews (''Amt für Umsiedlung der Polen und Juden''), and eventually to Central Bureau for Resettlement (''Umwandererzentralstelle'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2017|title=Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|page=35|isbn=978-83-8098-174-4}}</ref> After the war, central and eastern European Holocaust survivors migrated to the western [[Allies of World War II|Allied]]-controlled part of Europe, as the Jewish society to which most of them belonged did not exist anymore. Often they were lone survivors consumed by the often futile search for other family and friends, and often unwelcome in the towns from which they came. They were known as [[displaced person]]s (also known as [[Sh'erit ha-Pletah]]) and placed in [[displaced persons camp]]s, most of which were by 1951 closed. The last camp [[Föhrenwald]] was closed in 1957.

;1940: During [[World War II]], the so-called June Deportation, carried out by the Soviet Union in June and July 1940, as the fourth of five waves of mass deportations of Polish citizens from [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Soviet-occupied eastern Poland]], also targeted some 65,000 Polish Jews who fled from the German-occupied part of Poland.<ref name=db>{{cite book|last=Boćkowski|first=Daniel|year=1999|title=Czas nadziei. Obywatele Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w ZSRR i opieka nad nimi placówek polskich w latach 1940–1943|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii [[Polish Academy of Sciences|Polskiej Akademii Nauk]]|page=83|isbn=83-86842-52-0}}</ref> According to the [[NKVD]], Polish Jews accounted for 85% of people deported in the June Deportation.<ref name=db/> The victims were deported to the [[Altai Krai]], [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], [[Irkutsk Oblast]], [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]], [[Novosibirsk Oblast]], [[Omsk Oblast]], [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]] and [[Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Yakutia]] in [[Siberia]], and [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]], [[Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Komi]], [[Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Mari]], [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]], [[Perm Oblast]] and [[Vologda Oblast]] in European Russia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boćkowski|first=Daniel|year=1999|title=Czas nadziei. Obywatele Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w ZSRR i opieka nad nimi placówek polskich w latach 1940–1943|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk|page=85}}</ref>

;1943–1944: Jews are expelled, their citizenship is stripped from them and they are subjected to pogroms in some Italian cities, including Rome, Verona, Florence, Pisa and Alessandria.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roth|first=Cecil|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/551115|title=The history of the Jews of Italy.|date=1969|publisher=[Gregg International Publishers]|isbn=0-576-80117-8|location=[Westmead, Eng.]|pages=540–549|oclc=551115}}</ref>

;1947–1972:[[File:StLouisPorthole.jpg|thumb|Jewish refugees look out through the portholes of a ship while it is docked in the port city of Haifa.]][[File:Iraqi jews displaced 1951.jpg|thumb|[[Iraqi Jews]] displaced 1951.]][[File:ExodusSh2.jpg|thumb|The [[SS Exodus|''Exodus'']] bringing in refugees.]][[File:Op Magic Carpet (Yemenites).jpg|thumb|In the course of the operation "[[Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Magic Carpet]]" (1949–1950), most of the community of [[Yemenite Jews]] (called Teimanim, about 49,000) immigrated to Israel.]]The [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world]], in which the combined population of the Jewish communities of the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]] (excluding Israel) was reduced from about 900,000 in 1948 to under 8,000 today, and approximately 600,000 of them became citizens of Israel. The history of the exodus is politicized, given its proposed relevance to a final settlement to the [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|Israeli–Palestinian peace negotiations]].<ref name=TOI>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/foreign-ministry-promotes-the-jewish-refugee-problem/ Changing tack, Foreign Ministry to bring 'Jewish refugees' to fore] "'To define them as refugees is exaggerated,' said [[Alon Liel]], a former director-general of the Foreign Ministry"</ref><ref name=JPOST>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Israel/Changing-the-refugee-paradigm|title=Changing the refugee paradigm|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref name=CSM>[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/1001/Israel-scrambles-Palestinian-right-of-return-with-Jewish-refugee-talk Israel scrambles Palestinian 'right of return' with Jewish refugee talk] "Palestinian and Israeli critics have two main arguments: that these Jews were not refugees because they were eager participants in a new Zionist state, and Israel cannot and should not attempt to settle its account with the Palestinians by deducting the lost assets of its own citizens, thereby preventing individuals on both sides from seeking compensation."</ref><ref name=Mendes>Philip Mendes {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130113093432/http://mefacts.org/cached.asp?x_id=10985 The causes of the post-1948 Jewish Exodus from Arab Countries]}}</ref><ref name=Shenhav>[[Yehouda Shenhav]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=k7FoMi-qY4kC ''The Arab Jews: A Postcolonial Reading of Nationalism, Religion, and Ethnicity'']</ref><ref name=Shlaim>[[Avi Shlaim]] [http://www.haaretz.com/no-peaceful-solution-1.166621 No peaceful solution], ''Haaretz''.</ref> When presenting the history, those who view the Jewish exodus as equivalent to the [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight]], such as the [[Israeli government]] and NGOs such as JJAC and JIMENA, emphasize "push factors", such as cases of anti-Jewish violence and forced expulsions,<ref name=TOI /> and refer to those affected as "[[refugees]]".<ref name=TOI /> Those who argue that the exodus does not equate to the [[1967 Palestinian exodus|Palestinian exodus]] emphasize "pull factors", such as the actions of local [[Jewish Agency for Israel]] officials aiming to fulfil the [[One Million Plan]],<ref name=CSM /> highlight good relations between the Jewish communities and their country's governments,<ref name=Shenhav /> emphasize the impact of other push factors such as the [[decolonization]] in the [[Maghreb]] and the [[Suez War]] and [[Lavon Affair]] in [[Egypt]],<ref name=Shenhav /> and argue that many or all of those who left were not refugees.<ref name=TOI /><ref name=CSM />

:Then [[UNHCR]] announced in February 1957 and in July 1967, that these Jews who had fled from Arab countries "may be considered prima facie within the mandate of this office," so according them in international law, as bona fide refugees.<ref>{{cite web |title=S.Res.494 - A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the creation of refugee populations in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Persian Gulf region as a result of human rights violations. |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-resolution/494/text |website=Congress.gov |date=25 May 2006 |publisher=U.S. Congress |access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref>

;1947: [[Egypt]] passed the Companies' Law. This law required that no less than 75% of employees of companies in Egypt must be Egyptian citizens. This law strongly affected Jews, as only about 20% of all [[Jews in Egypt]] were [[Egyptian citizens]]. The rest, although in many cases born in Egypt and living there for generations, did not hold Egyptian citizenship.

;1948: State of Israel established. [[Antisemitism in Egypt]] strongly intensified. On May 15, 1948, emergency law was declared, and a royal decree forbade Egyptian citizens to leave the country without a special permit. This was applied to Jews. Hundreds of Jews were arrested and many had their property confiscated. In June through August 1948, bombs were planted in Jewish neighborhoods and Jewish businesses looted. About 250 Jews were killed or wounded by the bombs. Roughly 14,000 Jews left Egypt between 1948 and 1950.

;1949: Jordan occupies and then annexes the [[West Bank]] – largely allotted by the 1947 UN Partition of Palestine to an Arab state, proposal rejected by the Arab leadership – and conducts large scale discrimination and persecution of all non-Muslim residents – Jewish, Christian (of many denominations), Druze, Circassian, etc. – and forces Arabisation of all public activity, including schools and public administration.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark A. Tessler.|title=A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|url={{Google books |id=3kbU4BIAcrQC |plainurl=yes}} |year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|page=329|quote=Jordan's illegal occupation and Annexation of the West Bank}}</ref>

;1951–1952: During [[Operation Ezra and Nehemiah]], ~120,000 Jews are expelled under the De-Naturalization Act of [[Prime Minister of Iraq|Iraqi PM]] [[Tawfeeq Al-Suwaidi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=((Correspondent))|first=J.|date=2004-10-15|title=The forgotten pogrom|url=https://jweekly.com/2004/10/15/the-forgotten-pogrom/|access-date=2021-03-12|website=J.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=When Iraq Expelled Its Jews to Israel—The Inside Story|url=https://www.jpost.com/blogs/the-cutting-edge/when-iraq-expelled-its-jews-to-israelthe-inside-story-456129|access-date=2021-03-12|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=7 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Farhud--The Violent Dispossession of Jews and Property in Iraq in 1951 {{!}} History News Network|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/8727|access-date=2021-03-12|website=historynewsnetwork.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kendal|first=Elizabeth Natalie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9jPDAAAQBAJ|title=After Saturday Comes Sunday: Understanding the Christian Crisis in the Middle East|date=2016-06-08|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-4982-3987-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Black|first=Edwin|title=The expulsion that backfired: When Iraq kicked out its Jews|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-expulsion-that-backfired-when-iraq-kicked-out-its-jews/|access-date=2021-03-12|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

;1954: [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] seizes power in Egypt. Nasser immediately arrested many Jews who were tried on various charges, mainly for Zionist and communist activities. Jews were forced to donate large sums of money to the military. Strict supervision of Jewish enterprises was introduced; some were confiscated and others forcibly sold to the government.{{bsn|date=May 2022}}

;1956: [[Suez Crisis]]. Roughly 3,000 Egyptian Jews were interned without charge in four detention camps. The government ordered thousands of Jews to leave the country within a few days, and they were not allowed to sell their property, nor to take any capital with them. The deportees were made to sign statements agreeing not to return to Egypt and transferring their property to the administration of the government. The [[International Committee of the Red Cross|International Red Cross]] helped about 8,000 stateless Jews to leave the country, taking most of them to Italy and Greece. Most of the Jews of Port Said (about 100) were smuggled to Israel by Israel agents. The system of deportation continued into 1957. Other Jews left voluntarily, after their livelihoods had been taken from them, until only 8,561 were registered in the 1957 census. The Jewish exodus continued until there were about 3,000 Jews left as of in 1967.

;1962
:Jews flee [[Algeria]] as result of [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] violence. The community feared that the proclamation of independence would precipitate a Muslim outburst. By the end of July 1962, 70,000 Jews had left for France and another 5,000 for Israel. It is estimated that some 80% of Algerian Jews settled in France.

;1965
:Situation of [[Jews in Algeria]] rapidly deteriorates. By 1969, fewer than 1,000 Jews remain. By the 1990s, the numbers had dwindled to approximately 70.{{bsn|date=May 2022}}

;1967: [[Six-Day War]]. Hundreds of Egyptian Jews arrested, suffering beatings, torture, and abuse. Some were released following intervention by foreign states, especially by Spain, and were permitted to leave the country. [[Libyan Jews]], who numbered approximately 7,000, were subjected to [[pogrom]]s in which 18 were killed, prompting a mass exodus that left fewer than 100 Jews in [[Libya]].

;1968: Thousands of Jews were forced to leave [[Polish People's Republic|communist Poland]] because of "[[anti-Zionist]]" campaigns during the [[1968 Polish political crisis]].
;
;1970
:Less than 1,000 Jews still lived in Egypt in 1970. They were given permission to leave but without their possessions. As of 1971, only 400 Jews remained in Egypt. As of 2013, only a few dozen Jews remain in Egypt. {{asof|2019}}, there were five in Cairo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Only-5-Jews-left-in-Cairo-following-death-of-Jewish-community-president-595042|title=Only 5 Jews left in Cairo following death of Jewish community president|work=The Jerusalem Post|first=Marcy|last=Oster|date=9 July 2019|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> As of 2022 the total number of known Egyptian Jews permanently residing in Egypt is three.<ref name="The Yeshiva World">{{cite web|url=https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/2029523/bde-one-of-the-last-jews-in-egypt-passes-away.html|title=BDE: One Of The Last Jews In Egypt Passes Away|work=The Yeshiva World|date=17 November 2021|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref><ref>[https://www.jewishrefugees.org.uk/2022/03/cairo-jews-protest-at-egypts-seizure-of-second-cairo-geniza.html Cairo Jews Protest at egypt seizure of second cairo Geniza accessed March 25,2022]</ref>

;1970–1986: State-sponsored persecution in the [[Soviet Union]] prompted hundreds of thousands of [[History of the Jews in the Soviet Union|Soviet Jews]], known as [[Refusenik]]s because they had been denied official permission to leave, to flee; most went to Israel or to the United States as refugees.<ref>[[Mark Azbel]] and Grace Pierce Forbes. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kGSAAAAAIAAJ&q=refusenik ''Refusenik, Trapped in the Soviet Union''.] [[Houghton Mifflin]], 1981. {{ISBN|0-395-30226-9}}</ref>
;1972: [[Idi Amin]] expels all Israelis from Uganda.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834697|jstor=25834697|title=Israeli-Ugandan Relations in the Time of Idi Amin|last1=Oded|first1=Arye|journal=Jewish Political Studies Review|year=2006|volume=18|issue=3/4|pages=65–79}}</ref>
;1984–1985: 10,000 Jews flee Ethiopia as part of [[Operation Moses]] and [[Operation Joshua]].
;1991: 14,000 Jews flee Ethiopia as part of [[Operation Solomon]].