Editing Extremes on Earth (section)

===Lowest points===
====Lowest natural points====
{{See also|List of places on land with elevations below sea level}}
* The '''deepest point below the ocean's atmospheric surface''' is [[Challenger Deep]], at the bottom of the [[Mariana Trench]], {{cvt|11034|m|0}} <!--- Using figure from Mariana Trench article --->below sea level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rain.org/ocean/ocean-studies-challenger-deep-mariana-trench.html |title=Challenger Deep – the Mariana Trench |access-date=30 July 2012 |archive-date=24 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424000302/http://www.rain.org/ocean/ocean-studies-challenger-deep-mariana-trench.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Jacques Piccard]] and [[U.S. Navy]] Lieutenant [[Don Walsh]] first reached Challenger Deep in 1960 aboard the [[bathyscaphe]] ''[[Bathyscaphe Trieste|Trieste]]'', followed by filmmaker [[James Cameron]] in 2012 aboard ''[[Deepsea Challenger]]''. Between 2020 and 2022, [[DSV Limiting Factor|DSV ''Limiting Factor'']] made 19 dives to Challenger Deep, carrying with it 19 further visitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/FDE-Challenger-Release-FINAL-5132019.pdf |title=Deepest Submarine Dive in History, Five Deeps Expedition Conquers Challenger Deep |work=fivedeeps.com |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weinman |first=Steve |date=2022-07-15 |title=Deep-sea mapper can't get much deeper! - Divernet |url=https://divernet.com/world-dives/deep-sea-mapper-cant-get-much-deeper/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=divernet.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* The '''deepest known cave''' is in the [[Krubera Cave]] in [[Abkhazia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], with its deepest known point 2,199 ± 20 metres (7,215 ± 66&nbsp;ft) below its entrance. The record was set in 2006, and it remains one of only [[List of deepest caves|two known caves]] deeper than 2,000 meters.<ref>Dubliansky VN, Klimchuk AB, Kiselev VE, Vakhrushev BA, Kovalev YN, Melnikov VP, Ryzhkov AF, Tintilozov ZK, Chuykov VD, Churubrova ML. "Описания пещер массива Арабика - 63.Пещерная система Арабикская" [Descriptions of caves of the Arabika massif - 63.Arabikskaja cave system] (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-01-12.</ref>
* The '''lowest point on land not covered by liquid water''' is the canyon under [[Denman Glacier]] in [[Antarctica]], with the bedrock being {{cvt|3,500|m|ft}} below sea level.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50753113 |title=Denman Glacier: Deepest point on land found in Antarctica |newspaper=[[BBC News|BBC]] |author=Jonathan Amos |date=12 December 2019 |access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mathieu Morlighem |author2=Eric Rignot |author3=Tobias Binder |author4=Donald Blankenship |author5=Reinhard Drews |author6=Graeme Eagles |author7=Olaf Eisen |author8=Fausto Ferraccioli |author9=René Forsberg |author10=Peter Fretwell |author11=Vikram Goel |author12=Jamin S. Greenbaum |author13=Hilmar Gudmundsson |author14=Jingxue Guo |author15=Veit Helm |author16=Coen Hofstede |author17=Ian Howat |author18=Angelika Humbert |author19=Wilfried Jokat |author20=Nanna B. Karlsson |author21=Won Sang Lee |author22=Kenichi Matsuoka |author23=Romain Millan |author24=Jeremie Mouginot |author25=John Paden |author26=Frank Pattyn |author27=Jason Roberts |author28=Sebastian Rosier |author29=Antonia Ruppel |author30=Helene Seroussi |author31=Emma C. Smith |author32=Daniel Steinhage |author33=Bo Sun |author34=Michiel R. van den Broeke |author35=Tas D. van Ommen |author36=Melchior van Wessem |author37=Duncan A. Young |title=Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the margins of the Antarctic ice sheet |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0510-8 |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8 |date=12 December 2019 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=132–137 |s2cid=209331991 |access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref>
[[Image:Dead Sea-14.jpg|thumb|The shore of the [[Dead Sea]] in [[Israel]]]]
* The '''lowest point on dry land''' is the shore of the [[Dead Sea]], shared by [[Israel]], [[Palestine]] and [[Jordan]], {{cvt|432.65|m|0}} below sea level. As the Dead Sea waters are receding, the water surface level drops more than {{convert|1|m|ft}} per year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dead Sea drying: A new low-point for Earth |date=17 June 2016 |first=Kevin |last=Connolly |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36477284 |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref>
* The '''point on the atmospheric surface closest to the Earth's centre''' (interpreted as a natural surface of the land or sea that is accessible by a person) is the surface of the [[Arctic Ocean]] at the [[North Pole#Geographic North Pole|Geographic North Pole]] ({{cvt|6356.77|km|0|disp=or}}).
** The '''point on the surface of Earth's crust closest to the Earth's centre''' (interpreted as a land surface or sea floor) is the bottom of [[Litke Deep]], in the [[Arctic Ocean]], at {{cvt|6,351.7043|km|0}} from Earth's centre; the deep's depth relative to sea level is {{cvt|5,449|m|ft|0}}. Because Earth is an [[flattening|oblate]] [[spheroid]] rather than a perfect [[spherical Earth|sphere]], it is [[equatorial bulge|wider]] at the [[equator]] and narrower toward each [[geographical pole|pole]]. Therefore, the bottom of Litke Deep, which is near the North Pole, is closer to Earth's centre than the bottom of Challenger Deep is; the latter is {{cvt|14.7268|km|ft|1}} further, at {{cvt|6,366.4311|km|mi|1}} from Earth's centre.<ref name="ripublication.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ripublication.com/ijome22/ijomev12n1_03.pdf |title=''Revisiting "Ocean Depth closest to the Center of the Earth"''|publisher= Arjun Tan, Department of Physics, Alabama A & M University|language=English|accessdate=18 September 2022}}</ref> [[Molloy Deep]], also in Arctic Ocean (at {{cvt|6,357.5178|km|mi|0|disp=or}}) from Earth's centre contends closely with Litke Deep, the difference from Earth's centre being just {{cvt|389|m|ft|}}.
** The '''point on the ocean surface farthest below sea level''' is located in the [[Indian Ocean]], about {{cvt|1200|km|mi}} southwest of India, the [[Indian Ocean Geoid Low]], about {{cvt|106|m|0}} below the [[global mean sea level]].<ref name="Geoid"/>

====Lowest artificial points====
* <!-- Kola borehole is drilled straight down; new borehole length records were mostly horizontal -->The '''lowest point underground''' ever reached was {{cvt|12262|m}} deep (SG-3 at the [[Kola Superdeep Borehole]], which has since been enclosed).
* The '''lowest human-sized point underground''' is {{cvt|3900|m}}<ref name="TauTonaExtended">{{cite news |title=TauTona, Anglo Gold – Mining Technology |url=http://www.mining-technology.com/projects/tautona_goldmine/ |publisher=SPG Media Group PLC |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> below ground at the [[TauTona Mine]], [[Carletonville]], South Africa.
* The '''lowest (from sea level) artificially made point with open sky''' may be the [[Hambach surface mine]], Germany, which reaches a depth of {{cvt|293|m}} below sea level.
* The '''lowest (from surface) artificially made point with open sky''' may be the [[Bingham Canyon Open Pit Copper Mine]], [[Utah]], United States, at a depth of {{cvt|1200|m}} below surface level.
* The '''lowest point underwater''' is the {{cvt|10685|m}}-deep (as measured from the [[subsea]] [[wellhead]]) [[oil well|oil and gas well]] drilled on the [[Tiber Oil Field]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The [[wellhead]] of this well is an additional {{cvt|1259|m}} underwater, for a total distance of {{cvt|11944|m}} as measured from sea level.<ref name="Transocean Release">{{cite web|url=http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html |title=Transocean's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil and Gas Well |publisher=Transocean |access-date=7 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426171257/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html |archive-date=26 April 2010}}</ref> {{Coord|28.736667|N|88.386944|W|display=inline}}

====Lowest points attainable by transportation====
* The '''lowest point accessible''':
** '''by road''', excluding roads in mines, is any of the roads alongside the [[Dead Sea]] in [[Israel]], [[Palestine]] and [[Jordan]], which are the lowest on Earth at {{cvt|418|m|0}} below sea level.
*** The '''lowest undersea highway tunnel''' is the [[Ryfast]] tunnel in [[Norway]], at {{cvt|292|m|0}} below sea level.
** '''by train''', excluding tracks in mines, is located in the [[Seikan Tunnel]] in [[Japan]], at {{cvt|240|m|0}} below sea level. For comparison, the undersea [[Channel Tunnel]] between England and France reaches a depth of {{cvt|115|m|0}} below sea level.
** '''by ship''', is located in the [[Indian Ocean]], about {{cvt|1200|km|mi}} southwest of India, the [[Indian Ocean Geoid Low]], about {{cvt|106|m|0}} below the [[global mean sea level]].<ref name="Geoid">{{cite journal |last1=Sreejith |first1=K.M. |last2=Rajesh |first2=S. |last3=Majumdar |first3=T.J. |last4=Srinivasa Rao |first4=G. |last5=Radhakrishna |first5=M. |last6=Krishna |first6=K.S. |last7=Rajawat |first7=A.S. |title=High-resolution residual geoid and gravity anomaly data of the northern Indian Ocean – An input to geological understanding |journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences |date=January 2013 |volume=62 |pages=616–626 |doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.11.010|bibcode=2013JAESc..62..616S }}</ref>
** Some mines have roads accessible from outside or rail tracks, located more than two thousand metres below sea level, for example in some [[South Africa]]n gold mines.
* The '''lowest [[railroad station]]''' was formerly the Japanese [[Yoshioka-Kaitei Station]], at {{cvt|150|m|0}} below sea level, but it closed in 2014. The lowest railroad station not inside a tunnel is {{cvt|120|m|0}} below sea level, at [[Beit She'an railway station]] in [[Israel]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}
* The '''[[List of lowest airports|lowest airfield]]''' is the [[Bar Yehuda Airfield]], near [[Masada]], [[Israel]], at {{cvt|378|m|0}} below sea level.
* The '''lowest international airport''' is [[Atyrau Airport]], near [[Atyrau]], [[Kazakhstan]], at {{cvt|22|m|0}} below sea level, in the basin of the [[Caspian Sea]].
* The '''lowest major city''' is [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]], located {{cvt|28|m}} below sea level, which makes it the lowest-lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level.