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Fast-neutron reactor
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===Decommissioned reactors=== ====United States==== *[[Clementine (nuclear reactor)|Clementine]] was the first fast reactor, built in 1946 at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]. It used plutonium metal fuel, mercury coolant, achieved 25 kW thermal and used for research, especially as a fast neutron source. *[[Experimental Breeder Reactor I]] (EBR-I) at Argonne West, now [[Idaho National Laboratory]], near [[Arco, Idaho]], in 1951 became the first reactor to generate significant amounts of power. Decommissioned in 1964. *[[Fermi 1]] near [[Detroit]] was a prototype fast breeder reactor that powered up in 1957 and shut down in 1972. *[[Experimental Breeder Reactor II]] (EBR-II) at [[Idaho National Laboratory]], near [[Arco, Idaho]], was a prototype for the Integral Fast Reactor, 1965–1994. *[[SEFOR]] in Arkansas, was a 20 [[MWt]] research reactor that operated from 1969 to 1972. *[[Fast Flux Test Facility]] (FFTF), 400 MWt, operated flawlessly from 1982 to 1992, at [[Hanford Site|Hanford]] Washington. It used liquid sodium drained with argon backfill under care and maintenance. *[[Sodium Reactor Experiment|SRE]] in California, was a 20 [[MWt]], 6.5 MWe commercial reactor operated from 1957 to 1964. *[[LAMPRE-1]] was a molten plutonium fueled 1 MWth reactor. It operated as a research reactor from 1961 to 1963 at Los Alamos national Lab. ====Europe==== *[[Dounreay Loop type Fast Reactor]] (DFR), 1959–1977, was a 14 MWe and [[Prototype Fast Reactor]] (PFR), 1974–1994, 250 MWe, in [[Caithness]], in the [[Highland (council area)|Highland]] area of [[Scotland]]. *[[Dounreay Pool type Fast Reactor]] (PFR), 1975–1994, was a 600 MWt, 234 MWe which used mixed oxide (MOX) fuel. *[[Rapsodie]] in [[Cadarache]], France, (20 then 40 MW) operated between 1967 and 1982. *[[Superphénix]], in France, 1200 MWe, closed in 1997 due to a political decision and high costs. *[[Phénix]], 1973, France, 233 MWe, restarted 2003 at 140 MWe for experiments on transmutation of nuclear waste for six years, ceased power generation in March 2009, though it will continue in test operation and to continue research programs by CEA until the end of 2009. Stopped in 2010. *KNK-II, in Germany a 21 MWe experimental compact sodium-cooled fast reactor operated from Oct 1977-Aug 1991. The objective of the experiment was to eliminate nuclear waste while producing energy. There were minor sodium problems combined with public protests which resulted in the closure of the facility. ====USSR/Russia==== *Small lead-cooled fast reactors were used for [[nuclear marine propulsion|naval propulsion]], particularly by the [[Soviet Navy]]. *BR-5 - was a research-focused fast-neutron reactor at the Institute of Physics and Energy in Obninsk from 1959 to 2002. *[[BN-350]] was constructed by the Soviet Union in Shevchenko (today's [[Aqtau]]) on the [[Caspian Sea]], It produced 130 MWe plus 80,000 tons of fresh water per day. *IBR was a research-focused pulsed fast-neutron reactor at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna (near Moscow) put into operation in 1984 till 2006. *RORSATs - 33 space fast reactors were launched by the Soviet Union from 1989 to 1990 as part of a program known as the Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite (RORSAT) in the US. Typically, the reactors produced approximately 3 kWe. *[[BES-5]] - was a sodium cooled space reactor launched as part of the RORSAT program which produced 5 kWe. *[[BR-5]] - was a 5 MWt sodium fast reactor operated by the USSR in 1961 primarily for materials testing. *[[Russian Alpha 8 PbBi]] - was a series of lead-bismuth cooled fast reactors used aboard submarines. The submarines functioned as killer submarines, staying in harbor then attacking due to the high speeds achievable by the sub. ====Asia==== *[[Monju reactor]], 300 MWe, in [[Japan]], was closed in 1995 following a serious sodium leak and fire. It was restarted on May 6, 2010, but in August 2010 another accident, involving dropped machinery, shut down the reactor again. As of June 2011, the reactor had generated electricity for only one hour since its first test two decades prior.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} *[[Aktau Reactor]], 150 MWe, in [[Kazakhstan]], was used for plutonium production, desalination, and electricity. It closed 4 years after the plant's operating license expired.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
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