Editing Forced displacement (section)

=== International response ===
Responses to situations of forced displacement vary across regional and international levels, with each type of forced displacement demonstrating unique characteristics and the need for a considerate approach. At the international level, international organizations (e.g. the [[UNHCR]]), NGOs ([[Médecins Sans Frontières|Doctors without Borders]]), and country governments ([[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]]) may work towards directly or indirectly ameliorating these situations.<ref name=":82"/> Means may include establishing internationally recognized protections, providing clinics to migrant camps, and supplying resources to populations.<ref name=":72"/><ref name="USAID"/> According to researchers such as Francis Deng, as well as international organizations such as the [[United Nations|UN]], an increase in [[Internally displaced person|IDPs]] compounds the difficulty of international responses, posing issues of incomplete information and questions regarding state sovereignty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Response to Internal Displacement: A Revolution in the Making|url=https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1372&context=hrbrief|access-date=2022-01-03}}</ref><ref name=":82"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Global report on internal displacement|last=Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Herausgebendes Organ.|oclc=1089711735}}</ref> State sovereignty especially becomes of concern when discussing protections for IDPs, who are within the borders of a sovereign state, placing reluctance in the international community's ability to respond.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|date=2012-06-30|title=Conflict, International Response, and Forced Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1980-2007|journal=The Korean Journal of International Studies|doi=10.14731/kjis.2012.06.10.1.1|issn=2233-470X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Multiple landmark conventions aim at providing rights and protections to the different categories of forcibly displaced persons, including the [[1951 Refugee Convention]], the [[1967 Protocol]], the [[Kampala Convention]], and the [[Guiding Principles|1998 Guiding Principles]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abbas|first1=Mohamed|last2=Aloudat|first2=Tammam|last3=Bartolomei|first3=Javier|last4=Carballo|first4=Manuel|last5=Durieux-Paillard|first5=Sophie|last6=Gabus|first6=Laure|last7=Jablonka|first7=Alexandra|last8=Jackson|first8=Yves|last9=Kaojaroen|first9=Kanokporn|date=December 2018|title=Migrant and refugee populations: a public health and policy perspective on a continuing global crisis|journal=Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control|volume=7|issue=1|pages=113|doi=10.1186/s13756-018-0403-4|issn=2047-2994|pmc=6146746|pmid=30250735 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":12"/> Despite internationally cooperation, these frameworks rely on the international system, which states may disregard. In a 2012 study, Young Hoon Song found that nations "very selectively" responded to instances of forced migration and internally displaced persons.<ref name=":9" />

World organizations such as the United Nations and the [[World Bank]], as well as individual countries, sometimes directly respond to the challenges faced by displaced people, providing humanitarian assistance or [[Peacekeeping|forcibly intervening]] in the country of conflict. Disputes related to these organizations' neutrality and limited resources has affected the capabilities of international humanitarian action to mitigate mass displacement mass displacement's causes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Castles|first=Stephen|s2cid=84460606|date=2003-09-01|title=The International Politics of Forced Migration|journal=Development|volume=46|issue=3|pages=11–20|doi=10.1177/10116370030463003|doi-broken-date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> These broad forms of assistance sometimes do not fully address the multidimensional needs of displaced persons. Regardless, calls for multilateral responses echo across organizations in the face of falling international cooperation. These organizations propose more comprehensive approaches, calling for improved conflict resolution and capacity-building in order to reduce instances of forced displacement.<ref>Grandi, Filippo. 2018. “Forced Displacement Today: Why Multilateralism Matters.” Brown Journal of World Affairs 24 (2): 179–89.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Forced Displacement|last1=Christensen|first1=Asger|last2=Harild|first2=Niels|s2cid=153942656|date=December 2009|publisher=World Bank|doi = 10.1596/27717|url=http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/27717 }}</ref>