Editing Grammatical number (section)

===Minimal, unit augmented, and augmented===

Minimal, unit augmented, and augmented are a different set of number categories for pronouns in languages that grammatically treat a first person dual inclusive pronoun identically to singular pronouns, and a first person trial inclusive pronoun identically to dual pronouns. It is a relative paradigm that replaces the absolute paradigm of singular, dual, trial, and plural for languages where absolute classification is ill-fitting.

For example, under a singular/dual/trial/plural analysis, the pronouns in [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]<ref name="Cysouw2003p87">{{cite book |last=Cysouw |first=Michael |year=2009 |orig-year=2003 |title=The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking |series=Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=87–89 |isbn=978-0-19-925412-5}}</ref><ref name="Thomas1955">{{cite journal |last=Thomas |first=David |date=1955 |title=Three Analyses of the Ilocano Pronoun System |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00437956.1955.11659556?download=true |journal=WORD |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=204–208 |doi=10.1080/00437956.1955.11659556 |access-date=2024-01-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102163123/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00437956.1955.11659556?download=true |archive-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> and [[Bininj Kunwok]]<ref name="Evans2003">{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Evans (linguist) |year=2003 |title=Bininj Gun-wok: A Pan-Dialectal Grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune |series=Pacific Linguistics 541 |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University |page=261 |isbn=0-85883-530-4}}</ref> are:

<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Ilocano pronouns
|-
!
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! First (exc.)
| {{lang|ilo|co}}
| -
| {{lang|ilo|mi}}
|-
! First (inc.)
| -
| {{lang|ilo|ta}}
| {{lang|ilo|tayo}}
|-
! Second
| {{lang|ilo|mo}}
| -
| {{lang|ilo|yo}}
|-
! Third
| {{lang|ilo|na}}
| -
| {{lang|ilo|da}}
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Bininj Kunwok pronouns
|-
!
! Singular
! Dual
! Trial
! Plural
|-
! First (exc.)
| {{lang|gup|ngarduk}}
| {{lang|gup|ngarrewoneng}}
| -
| {{lang|gup|ngadberre}}
|-
! First (inc.)
| -
| {{lang|gup|ngarrgu}}
| {{lang|gup|garriwoneng}}
| {{lang|gup|gadberre}}
|-
! Second
| {{lang|gup|nguddanggi}}
| {{lang|gup|ngurriwoneng}}
| -
| {{lang|gup|ngudberre}}
|-
! Third
| {{lang|gup|nuye/ngarre}}
| {{lang|gup|berrewoneng}}
| -
| {{lang|gup|bedberre}}
|}
</div>

"Singular" does not exist for first person inclusive, which is by definition at least two people. In Ilocano, the "dual" ''only'' exists for first person inclusive, and likewise for the "trial" in Bininj Kunwok. Such categorization has been called "inelegant."<ref name="Evans2003"/> It can also poorly reflect the grammatical structure: using the suffix {{lang|gup|-woneng}}, Bininj Kunwok treats the first person inclusive "trial" identically to the "duals" in other persons, even though it refers to three people.

The alternate analysis is thus:

<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Ilocano pronouns
|-
!
! Minimal
! Augmented
|-
! First (exc.)
| {{lang|ilo|co}}
| {{lang|ilo|mi}}
|-
! First (inc.)
| {{lang|ilo|ta}}
| {{lang|ilo|tayo}}
|-
! Second
| {{lang|ilo|mo}}
| {{lang|ilo|yo}}
|-
! Third
| {{lang|ilo|na}}
| {{lang|ilo|da}}
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Bininj Kunwok pronouns
|-
!
! Minimal
! Unit augmented
! Augmented
|-
! First (exc.)
| {{lang|gup|ngarduk}}
| {{lang|gup|ngarrewoneng}}
| {{lang|gup|ngadberre}}
|-
! First (inc.)
| {{lang|gup|ngarrgu}}
| {{lang|gup|garriwoneng}}
| {{lang|gup|gadberre}}
|-
! Second
| {{lang|gup|nguddanggi}}
| {{lang|gup|ngurriwoneng}}
| {{lang|gup|ngudberre}}
|-
! Third
| {{lang|gup|nuye/ngarre}}
| {{lang|gup|berrewoneng}}
| {{lang|gup|bedberre}}
|}
</div>

The 'minimal' number is the smallest possible group for each category. For 1st exclusive, 2nd, and 3rd, this is one, and for 1st inclusive, this is two. Unit augmented is one more than minimal. For 1st exclusive, 2nd, and 3rd, this is two, and for 1st inclusive, this is three. Augmented is an equivalent to plural. In a minimal/augmented system, augmented means more than one for 1st exclusive, 2nd, and 3rd, and means more than two for 1st inclusive. In a minimal/unit augmented/augmented system, augmented means more than two for 1st exclusive, 2nd, and 3rd, and means more than three for 1st inclusive.

Besides Ilocano, languages considered to have a minimal/augmented pronoun system include [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Cysouw |first=Michael |year=2009 |orig-year=2003 |title=The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking |series=Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=261 |isbn=978-0-19-925412-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=de Schepper |first=Kees |date=2012 |title=Against a Minimal–Augmented Analysis of Number |url=https://www.jbe-platform.com/docserver/fulltext/avt.29.11sch.pdf |journal=Linguistics in the Netherlands |volume=29 |pages=134–146 [142] |doi=10.1075/avt.29.11sch |hdl=2066/101786 |access-date=2024-01-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104070017/https://www.jbe-platform.com/docserver/fulltext/avt.29.11sch.pdf |archive-date=2024-01-04 }}</ref> [[Maranao language|Maranao]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaufman |first=Daniel |editor-last1=Billings |editor-first1=Loren |editor-last2=Goudswaard |editor-first2=Nelleke |year=2010 |title={{lang|ilp|Piakandatu Ami|cat=no}}: Dr. Howard P. McKaughan |chapter=The Grammar of Clitics in Maranao |location=Manila |publisher=Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines |pages=179-204 [180, 180n2] |chapter-url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/07/70/130770395534694674649839873268234450496/20_Kaufman_McKaughan2010.pdf |access-date=2024-01-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511053358/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/07/70/130770395534694674649839873268234450496/20_Kaufman_McKaughan2010.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-11 |isbn=978-971-780-026-4}}</ref> [[Maskelynes language|Maskelynes]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Harbour |first=Daniel |year=2016 |title=Impossible Persons |series=Linguistic Inquiry Monographs 74 |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=The MIT Press |page=148 |isbn=978-0-262-52929-7 }}</ref> and [[Ho-Chunk language|Ho-Chunk]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Harbour |first=Daniel |date=2014 |title=Paucity, Abundance, and the Theory of Number |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/185-229.pdf |journal=Linguistic Society of America |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=185-229 [192, 203, 214] |doi=10.1353/lan.2014.0003 |s2cid=120276362 |access-date=2024-01-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705191935/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/185-229.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-05 }}</ref> The three-way distinction with the addition of unit augmented is mostly found in Australian Aboriginal languages, more specifically non-Pama-Nyungan languages.<ref name="Cysouw2003p232">{{cite book |last=Cysouw |first=Michael |year=2009 |orig-year=2003 |title=The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking |series=Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=232–236 |isbn=978-0-19-925412-5}}</ref>{{efn|Besides Bininj Kunwok, this includes [[Rembarrnga language|Rembarrnga]], [[Ndjébbana language|Ndjébbana]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=McKay |first=Graham R. |date=1978 |title=Pronominal Person and Number Categories in Rembarrnga and Djeebbana |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=27–37 |doi=10.2307/3622826 |jstor=3622826}}</ref> [[Guniyandi language|Guniyandi]], [[Nyigina language|Nyigina]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=McGregor |first=William B. |author-link=William B. McGregor |date=1989 |title=Greenberg on the First Person Inclusive Dual: Evidence from Some Australian Languages |journal=Studies in Language |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=437–451 |doi=10.1075/sl.13.2.10mcg}}</ref> [[Mangarrayi language|Mangarrayi]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moskal |first=Beata |date=2018 |title=Excluding Exclusively the Exclusive: Suppletion Patterns in Clusivity |url=https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/id/5098/ |journal=Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=art. 130, 1-34 [17] |doi=10.5334/gjgl.362 |doi-access=free |access-date=2024-01-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724180550/https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/id/5098/ |archive-date=2023-07-24 }}</ref> [[Nunggubuyu language|Nunggubuyu]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |author-link=Robert M. W. Dixon |year=1980 |title=The Languages of Australia |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=352–353 |isbn=978-0-521-22329-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heath |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Heath |year=1984 |title=Functional Grammar of Nunggubuyu |series=AIAS new series no. 53 |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies |pages=241–243 |isbn=0-85575-157-6}}</ref> [[Warrwa language|Warrwa]],<ref>{{cite book |last=McGregor |first=William |author-link=William B. McGregor |year=1994 |title=Warrwa |series=Languages of the World/Materials 89 |location=München |publisher=Lincom Europa |page=20 |isbn=3-929075-51-2 }}</ref> [[Burarra language|Burarra]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glasgow |first1=Kathleen |last2=Capell |first2=A. |author-link2=Arthur Capell |last3=McKay |first3=G. R. |last4=Kennedy |first4=Rod |last5=Trefry |first5=D. |year=1984 |chapter=Burrara Word Classes |title=Papers in Australian Linguistics No. 16 |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series A - No. 68 |location=Canberra |publisher=Australia National University |pages=1-54 [1, 15-17, 26-27] |doi=10.15144/PL-A68.1 }}</ref> [[Gaagudju language|Gaagudju]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Mark |year=2002 |title=A Grammar of Gaagudju |series=Mouton Grammar Library 24 |location=Berlin |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |page=268 |isbn=3-11-017248-8 }}</ref> [[Malak-Malak language|Malak-Malak]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaby |first1=Alice |last2=Shoulson |first2=Oliver |editor-last=Bowern |editor-first=Claire |editor-link=Claire Bowern |year=2023 |chapter=Pronouns |title=The Oxford Guide to Australian Languages |series=Oxford Guides to the World's Languages |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=268-277 [269] |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198824978.003.0024 |isbn=978-0-19-882497-8 }}</ref> and [[Dalabon language|Dalabon]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Nicholas |author-link1=Nicholas Evans (linguist) |last2=Marley |first2=Alexandra |editor-last=Bowern |editor-first=Claire |editor-link=Claire Bowern |year=2023 |chapter=The Gunwinyguan languages |title=The Oxford Guide to Australian Languages |series=Oxford Guides to the World's Languages |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=781-795 [790-791] |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198824978.003.0067 |isbn=978-0-19-882497-8 }}</ref> It is also found in the Pama-Nyungan languages of [[Gurindji language|Gurindji]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meakins |first1=Felicity |author-link1=Felicity Meakins |last2=McConvell |first2=Patrick |year=2021 |title=A Grammar of Gurindji: As Spoken by Violet Wadrill, Ronnie Wavehill, Dandy Danbayarri, Biddy Wavehill, Topsy Dodd Ngarnjal, Long Johnny Kijngayarri, Banjo Ryan, Pincher Nyurrmiari and Blanche Bulngari |series=Mouton Grammar Library, vol. 91 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=6, 41, 135, 139–141, 325–326 |isbn=978-3-11-074688-4 }}</ref> and [[Bilinarra language|Bilinarra]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meakins |first1=Felicity |author-link1=Felicity Meakins |last2=Nordlinger |first2=Rachel |author-link2=Rachel Nordlinger |year=2014 |title=A Grammar of Bilinarra: An Australian Aboriginal Language of the Northern Territory |series=Pacific Linguistics, vol. 640 |location=Boston |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=216–217 |doi=10.1515/9781614512745 |isbn=978-1-61451-274-5 }}</ref>}} Among the very few languages outside Australia it applies to is the Austronesian language [[Äiwoo language|Äiwoo]]<ref name="Cysouw2003p232"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Næss |first=Åshild |date=2018 |title=Plural-Marking Strategies in Äiwoo |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/67758/Plural_N%25C3%25A6ss_2018.pdf |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=31–62 |doi=10.1353/ol.2018.0001 |hdl=10852/67758 |s2cid=150127508 |access-date=2024-01-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103151417/https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/67758/Plural_N%25C3%25A6ss_2018.pdf |archive-date=2024-01-03 }}</ref> and the [[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea language]] of [[Kunimaipa language|Kunimaipa]].<ref name="Cysouw2003p232"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Peter W. |last2=Moskal |first2=Beata |last3=Xu |first3=Ting |last4=Kang |first4=Jungmin |last5=Bobaljik |first5=Jonathan David |author-link5=Jonathan Bobaljik |date=2019 |title=Case and Number Suppletion in Pronouns |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/bobaljik/files/smith2019_article_caseandnumbersuppletioninprono.pdf |journal=Natural Language and Linguistic Theory |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=1029–1101 [1091n121] |doi=10.1007/s11049-018-9425-0 |s2cid=254866643 |access-date=2024-01-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209001613/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/bobaljik/files/smith2019_article_caseandnumbersuppletioninprono.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-09 }}</ref>

Minimal and augmented may also combine with paucal to create a three-way pronoun system of minimal, paucal, and augmented/plural. This is reportedly the case with [[Kayapo language|Kayapo]].<ref name="Harbour2006">{{cite web |last=Harbour |first=Daniel |date=2006 |title=Numerus: Der Morphologische Gebrauch Semantischer Atome |series=Queen Mary's Occasional Papers Advancing Linguistics (OPAL) #5 |language=de |publisher=Queen Mary University of London |url=https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sllf/media/sllf-new/department-of-linguistics/05-QMOPAL-Harbour.pdf |page=2 |access-date=2024-01-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330201235/https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sllf/media/sllf-new/department-of-linguistics/05-QMOPAL-Harbour.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-30 }}</ref><ref name="Harbour2014p214">{{cite journal |last=Harbour |first=Daniel |date=2014 |title=Paucity, Abundance, and the Theory of Number |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/185-229.pdf |journal=Linguistic Society of America |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=185–229 [214] |doi=10.1353/lan.2014.0003 |s2cid=120276362 |access-date=2024-01-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705191935/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/185-229.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-05 }}</ref> A four-way system of minimal, unit augmented, paucal, and plural is theoretically possible, but has never been observed in any natural language.<ref name="Harbour2014p214"/>