Editing Hall-effect thruster (section)

== Applications ==
[[File:GATEWAY (Moon Space Station).jpg|thumb|upright=1.36|alt=An illustration of the Gateway's Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) and Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) in orbit around the Moon in 2024.|An illustration of the [[Lunar Gateway|Gateway]] in orbit around the Moon. The orbit of the Gateway will be maintained with Hall thrusters.]]

Hall thrusters have been flying in space since December 1971, when the Soviet Union launched an SPT-50 on a Meteor satellite.<ref>{{cite book|last=Turner |first=Martin J.L. |title=Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion: Principles, Practice and New Developments |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBYYasVPpvAC&pg=PA197|publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]]|date=2008|access-date=28 October 2015|isbn=978-3-540-69203-4}}</ref> Over 240 thrusters have flown in space since that time, with a 100% success rate.<ref name=meyer>{{cite web |title=In-space propulsion systems roadmap |date=April 2012 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/501329main_TA02-ID_rev3-NRC-wTASR.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/501329main_TA02-ID_rev3-NRC-wTASR.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |last=Meyer |first=Mike |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Hall thrusters are now routinely flown on commercial LEO and GEO communications satellites, where they are used for orbital insertion and [[Orbital station-keeping|stationkeeping]].

The first{{failed verification|date=December 2015}} Hall thruster to fly on a western satellite was a Russian D-55 built by TsNIIMASH, on the NRO's [[STEX]] spacecraft, launched on 3 October 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nro.gov/news/press/1998/1998-09.pdf|publisher=Naval Research Laboratory (Press Release)|title=National Reconnaissance Office Satellite Successfully Launched|date=3 October 1998|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113154021/http://nro.gov/news/press/1998/1998-09.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2011}}</ref>

The [[solar electric propulsion]] system of the [[European Space Agency]]'s [[SMART-1]] spacecraft used a Snecma [[PPS-1350]]-G Hall thruster.<ref name="Cornu, N. 2007">{{Cite conference|doi = 10.2514/6.2007-5197|title = PPS1350 Qualification Demonstration: 10500 hrs on the Ground and 5000 hrs in Flight|last1 = Cornu|first1 = Nicolas|first2 = Frédéric|last2 = Marchandise|last3 = Darnon|first3 = Franck|last4 = Estublier|first4 = Denis|conference = 43rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit|location = Cincinnati, Ohio|date = 2007}}</ref> SMART-1 was a technology demonstration mission that orbited the [[Moon]]. This use of the PPS-1350-G, starting on 28 September 2003, was the first use of a Hall thruster outside [[geosynchronous Earth orbit]] (GEO). Like most Hall thruster propulsion systems used in commercial applications, the Hall thruster on SMART-1 could be throttled over a range of power, specific impulse, and thrust.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ion engine gets SMART-1 to the Moon: Electric Propulsion Subsystem|url=http://www.esa.int/esaMI/SMART-1/SEMLZ36LARE_0.html#subhead2|date=31 August 2006|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=[[ESA]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129072135/http://www.esa.int/esaMI/SMART-1/SEMLZ36LARE_0.html#subhead2|archive-date=29 January 2011}}</ref> It has a discharge power range of  0.46–1.19&nbsp;kW, a [[specific impulse]] of 1,100–1,600&nbsp;s and thrust of 30–70&nbsp;mN.

Early small satellites of the [[SpaceX]] [[Starlink]] constellation used krypton-fueled Hall thrusters for position-keeping and deorbiting,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/starlink_press_kit.pdf|title=Starlink Press Kit|date=15 May 2019|website=SpaceX|access-date=12 November 2019|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515091900/https://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/starlink_press_kit.pdf}}</ref> while later Starlink satellites used argon-fueled Hall thrusters.<ref name="sn-20230228" />

[[Tiangong space station]] is fitted with Hall-effect thrusters. [[Tianhe core module]] is propelled by both chemical thrusters and four [[ion thruster]]s,<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/everything-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-space-station-tianhe-launch |title=Three Decades in the Making, China's Space Station Launches This Week |website=IEEE |date=28 April 2021 }}</ref> which are used to adjust and maintain the station's orbit. Hall-effect thrusters are created with crewed mission safety in mind with effort to prevent erosion and damage caused by the accelerated ion particles. A magnetic field and specially designed ceramic shield was created to repel damaging particles and maintain integrity of the thrusters. According to the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], the ion drive used on Tiangong has burned continuously for 8,240 hours without a glitch, indicating their suitability for the Chinese space station's designated 15-year lifespan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3135770/how-chinas-space-station-could-help-power-astronauts-mars |title=How China's space station could help power astronauts to Mars |date=2 June 2021 |first=Stephen |last=Chen}}</ref> This is the world's first Hall thruster on a human-rated mission.<ref>{{cite web |first=保淑 (Baoshu) |last=张 (Zhang) |title=配置4台霍尔电推进发动机 "天宫"掀起太空动力变革 |url=http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2021/06-21/9503717.shtml |website=中国新闻网 |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706020905/http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2021/06-21/9503717.shtml |archive-date=6 July 2021 |date=21 June 2021 |language=Chinese }}</ref>

The [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL) granted exclusive commercial licensing to Apollo Fusion, led by [[Mike Cassidy (entrepreneur)|Mike Cassidy]], for its Magnetically Shielded Miniature (MaSMi) Hall thruster technology.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=7 May 2019|title=Apollo Fusion obtains Hall thruster technology from JPL|url=https://spacenews.com/apollo-fusion-obtains-hall-thruster-technology-from-jpl/ |access-date=27 January 2021|website=[[Spacenews.com]]}}</ref> In January 2021, Apollo Fusion announced they had secured a contract with York Space Systems for an order of its latest iteration named the "Apollo Constellation Engine".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=27 January 2021|title=Apollo Fusion wins electric propulsion order from York Space Systems|work=[[spacenews.com]]|url=https://spacenews.com/apollo-fusion-wins-electric-propulsion-order-from-york-space-systems/ |access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref>

The NASA mission to the asteroid Psyche utilizes xenon gas Hall thrusters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Psyche's Hall Thruster |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia24030-psyches-hall-thruster |website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory |access-date=8 March 2022 }}</ref> The electricity comes from the craft's 75 square meter solar panels.<ref>{{cite web |title=Up Close With a Solar Panel on Psyche |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia25133-up-close-with-a-solar-panel-on-psyche |website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory |access-date=8 March 2022 }}</ref>

NASA's first Hall thrusters on a human-rated mission will be a combination of 6&nbsp;kW Hall thrusters provided by [[Busek]] and NASA [[Advanced Electric Propulsion System]] (AEPS) Hall thrusters. They will serve as the primary propulsion on [[Maxar Technologies|Maxar]]'s [[Power and Propulsion Element]] (PPE) for the [[Lunar Gateway]] under NASA's [[Artemis program]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sands |first=Kelly |date=30 March 2021 |title=We're Fired Up! Gateway's Propulsion System Passes First Test |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/glenn/2021/we-are-fired-up-gateway-propulsion-system-passes-first-test |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=NASA }}</ref> The high specific impulse of Hall thrusters will allow for efficient orbit raising and station keep for the Lunar Gateway's polar [[near-rectilinear halo orbit]].