Editing Jack Ruby (section)

===Ruby's motive===
White House correspondent Seth Kantor, who was a passenger in Kennedy's motorcade, testified that he had visited Parkland Hospital after Kennedy was shot, and that he felt a tug on his coat as he entered the hospital at about 1:30&nbsp;p.m. He turned around to see Jack Ruby, who called him by his first name and shook his hand.<ref name= "Testimony Kantor">{{cite journal| url= http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/html/WC_Vol15_0044b.htm| title= Testimony of Seth Kantor| journal= Warren Commission Hearings| volume= 15| access-date= August 13, 2011| archive-date= October 31, 2019| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191031055836/http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/html/WC_Vol15_0044b.htm| url-status= live}}</ref> He said that he had become acquainted with Ruby while he was a reporter for the ''Dallas Times Herald'' newspaper.<ref name= "Testimony Kantor" /> According to Kantor, Ruby asked him if he thought that it would be a good idea for him to close his nightclubs for the next three nights because of the tragedy, and Kantor responded without thinking that doing so would be a good idea.<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0224b.htm Kantor Exhibit No. 7 – Kantor Exhibit No. 8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528052610/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0224b.htm |date=May 28, 2013 }}, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, pp. 428–437.</ref><ref name= "Testimony Kantor" />

Witness Wilma Tice, testified to the Warren Commission that she saw Jack Ruby at Parkland Hospital. She also said that she saw a man, who may have been Seth Kantor, call Jack Ruby "Jack",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/pdf/WH15_Tice.pdf |title=Testimony of Wilma May Tice - Warren Commission Hearings, Volume XV, pg |publisher=History-matters.com |access-date=January 25, 2025}}</ref> Ruby denied that he had been at Parkland Hospital and the Warren Commission dismissed Kantor's testimony, saying that the encounter at Parkland Hospital would have to have taken place in a span of a few minutes before and after 1:30 pm, as evidenced by telephone company records of calls made by both people. The Commission also pointed to contradictory witness testimony and to the lack of video confirmation of Ruby at the scene.<ref name="WCR-C6"/> The Commission concluded that "Kantor probably did not see Ruby at Parkland Hospital" and "may have been mistaken about both the time and the place that he saw Ruby."<ref name="WCR-C6"/>

In 1979, the [[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations|House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (HSCA) re-examined Kantor's testimony and stated, "the Warren Commission concluded that Kantor was mistaken" about his Parkland encounter with Ruby, but "the Committee determined he probably was not."<ref name="HSCA Final A Report">{{cite work | url= http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0094b.htm | title= Final Assassinations Report | author= House Select Committee on Assassinations | via= history-matters.com | access-date= | archive-date= December 4, 2019 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191204164732/http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0094b.htm | url-status= live }}</ref> Kantor wrote in his book, ''Who Was Jack Ruby?'':

<blockquote>The mob was Ruby's "friend." And Ruby could well have been paying off an IOU the day he was used to kill Lee Harvey Oswald. Remember: "I have been used for a purpose," the way Ruby expressed it to Chief Justice Warren in their June 7, 1964 session. It would not have been hard for the mob to maneuver Ruby through the ranks of a few negotiable police.<ref name = Who /></blockquote>

The House Select Committee on Assassinations wrote in its 1979 Final Report:

<blockquote>Ruby's shooting of Oswald was not a spontaneous act, in that it involved at least some premeditation. Similarly, the committee believed it was less likely that Ruby entered the police basement without assistance, even though the assistance may have been provided with no knowledge of Ruby's intentions.... The committee was troubled by the apparently unlocked doors along the stairway route and the removal of security guards from the area of the garage nearest the stairway shortly before the shooting.... There is also evidence that the Dallas Police Department withheld relevant information from the Warren Commission concerning Ruby's entry to the scene of the Oswald transfer.<ref name="HSCA Final A Report" /></blockquote>

The HSCA suggested Ruby might have entered the basement via a stairway accessible from an alleyway next to the Dallas Municipal Building.<ref name="HCSA-IC">{{cite book |title=Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/ |year=1979 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=156–157 |chapter=I.C. |chapter-url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1c.html |ref={{harvid|Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives, Chapter I, Section C|1979}} |access-date=September 1, 2017 |archive-date=April 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403232215/https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

Garrett C. Hallmark, manager of the parking garage, said that Ruby talked on the phone at 3 p.m. on November 23 to somebody called Ken. He was seeking confirmation of the scheduled time for Oswald's transfer and he said "You know I'll be there."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star-jack-ruby/31710660/ | title=Jack Ruby | work=The Indianapolis Star | date=September 17, 1978 | page=106 }}</ref> Later that evening, waitress Wanda Helmick at Bull-Pen Drive-In Restaurant in Arlington, Texas, which was operated by Ralph Paul, a close friend and business associate of Ruby, said that Ruby rang Paul and that she overheard that Paul said something about a gun, and he asked Ruby if he were crazy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/pdf/WH15_Helmick.pdf |title=History Matters Archive - Warren Commission Hearings, Volume XV, pg |publisher=History-matters.com |access-date=January 25, 2025}}</ref>

Lieutenant Billy Grammer, a dispatcher for the Dallas Police Department, claimed that he received an anonymous phone call at 3 a.m. on November 24 from a man who told him that he knew of the plan to move Oswald from the basement and warned that, unless the plan were changed, "we are going to kill him." After Oswald was shot, Grammer claimed to have recognized Ruby as the caller, and expressed belief that Ruby's shooting of Oswald was "a planned event."<ref>{{cite book| author-link= James W. Douglass| first= James W.| last= Douglass| year= 2008| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NfvkfM8IbBsC&pg=PA368| title= JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and why it Matters, Volume 2| publisher= Orbis Books| page= 368| isbn= 9781608330690}}, citing Grammer interview from [[Central Independent Television]]'s ''[[The Men Who Killed Kennedy]]''; Grammer comments extract [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kEjT7XCN_R0 here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409144522/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kEjT7XCN_R0 |date=April 9, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| first= Don| last= Fulsom| work= Crime Magazine| date= March 27, 2009| url= http://www.crimemagazine.com/did-jack-ruby-know-lee-harvey-oswald| title= Did Jack Ruby Know Lee Harvey Oswald?| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171117223914/http://www.crimemagazine.com/did-jack-ruby-know-lee-harvey-oswald |archive-date=November 17, 2017 }}</ref> In a declassified FBI memo written by [[J. Edgar Hoover]] from the day of Oswald's shooting, he reported that the night before Oswald's death, the FBI in Dallas received a call from "a man talking in a calm voice and saying he was a member of a committee organized to kill Oswald". The FBI called the chief of Dallas police both at that time and the morning after to ensure Oswald would be kept safe. Hoover adds that "however, this was not done".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yuhas |first1=Alan |last2=Dart |first2=Tom |title=JFK files reveal FBI warning on Oswald and Soviets' missile fears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/oct/27/release-jfk-files-fbi-warning-oswald-soviet-missile-fears |work=The Guardian |date=27 October 2017}}</ref>

Some critics point to eyewitness testimony which seem to contradict the official claim that Ruby was at home until 10:30 a.m. on November 24 and instead seem to indicate that Ruby was around the police Headquarters asking about Oswald's transfer all morning. Ruby's roommate George Senator testified that on November 24, Ruby was in his apartment until about 10:30 a.m.. However, Elnora Pitts, Ruby's cleaning lady, phoned between 8:30 and 9:00 a.m. to check it was alright for her to do her usual Sunday morning cleaning for Ruby (which she had been doing for several weeks). The man who answered claimed to be Ruby but did not sound like him, did not recognise Pitts and had no knowledge of the Sunday cleaning arrangements she had with Ruby.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jfk-assassination.net/russ/testimony/pitts.htm | title=Testimony of Elnora Pitts }}</ref> Johnnie Smith, of WBAP-TV, was in a TV truck outside the headquarters that morning and he said that he saw a man twice between 8 a.m. and 10 a.m.; the man came to the truck to enquire about Oswald's transfer. Smith said that he recognized the man as Ruby from a picture in the paper, though he said he could not recognize him from a mugshot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallace |first=C.C|date=1963-12-18 |title=[Report concerning an interview with Johnnie Smith, December 18, 1963] |url=https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth337622/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=The Portal to Texas History |language=English}}</ref> WBAP cameraman Ira Walker testified that a man came up to his TV truck at just after 10:30 a.m. and enquired about Oswald's transfer. He identified the man as Ruby as did Warren Richey who was on top of the truck with his camera.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh13/pdf/WH13_Walker.pdf |title=History Matters Archive - Warren Commission Hearings, Volume XIII, pg |publisher=History-matters.com |access-date=January 25, 2025}}</ref>

In his Warren Commission testimony, Detective Don Archer claimed that, after his arrest, Ruby looked him straight in the eye and said, "Well, I intended to shoot him three times." Kantor wrote that Ruby's response to Archer did not suggest a spontaneous reaction, and that he implied having prior intention. On another occasion Archer also said that Ruby was agitated and sweating but when Archer informed Ruby that Oswald had died "he became calm" and that this struck him as "a complete difference in behaviour from what I expected", leading him to believe that "his life had depended on his getting Oswald".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilkes Jr. |first1=Donald E. |title=JFK, 55 Years Later |work=[[Flagpole Magazine]] |date=21 November 2018}}</ref>

Ruby's explanation for killing Oswald would be exposed "as a fabricated legal ploy", according to the House Select Committee on Assassinations. Ruby wrote a note to attorney Joseph Tonahill: "Joe, you should know this. My first lawyer Tom Howard told me to say that I shot Oswald so that [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] and Mrs. Kennedy wouldn't have to come to Dallas to testify. OK?"<ref name="HSCA Final A Report" /><ref>{{cite news| title= A Note from Jack Ruby| work= Newsweek| date= March 27, 1967}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>

[[G. Robert Blakey]], who was chief counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations from 1977 to 1979, said: "The most plausible explanation for the murder of Oswald by Jack Ruby was that Ruby had stalked him on behalf of organized crime, trying to reach him on at least three occasions in the forty-eight hours before he silenced him forever."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MeH1Z-Dd-QC&q=stalked&pg=PA71 |last=Goldfarb |first=Ronald |title=Perfect Villains, Imperfect Heroes: Robert F. Kennedy's War Against Organized Crime |location=Virginia |publisher=Capital Books |year=1995 |page=281 |isbn=978-1-931868-06-8}}</ref>

Russell Moore, an acquaintance of Ruby, testified to the Commission that Ruby expressed no bitterness towards Oswald and called him "a good looking guy," comparing him to the actor [[Paul Newman]].<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/html/WC_Vol15_0134a.htm Testimony of Russell Lee Moore (Knight)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805222132/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/html/WC_Vol15_0134a.htm |date=August 5, 2017 }}, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 15, p. 257.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Book on Kennedy assassination offers interesting facts|url=http://www.gmtoday.com/timeout/timeout05.asp|work=CBS News|access-date=August 5, 2017|quote=When he first observed Oswald at Dallas police headquarters the day after JFK's assassination, Ruby thought Oswald a handsome individual who resembled the actor Paul Newman.|archive-date=April 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405233933/http://www.gmtoday.com/timeout/timeout05.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Announcer Glen Duncan also said Ruby described Oswald as a "fairly nice looking kid" comparing him to Newman.<ref>[https://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/html/WC_Vol15_0247b.htm Testimony of William Glenn Duncan, Jr.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120212009/https://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh15/html/WC_Vol15_0247b.htm |date=November 20, 2023 }}, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 15, p. 484.</ref>

Author David Scheim writes that while some described Ruby as upset over the weekend of the assassination, others said that he was not. TV newsman Vic Robertson Jr. saw Ruby at police headquarters on Friday night and said that he "appeared to be anything but under stress or strain. He seemed happy, jovial, was joking and laughing."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh21/html/WH_Vol21_0168b.htm RobertsonV Ex 2– Copy of an FBI report of an interview with Victor F. Robertson, dated June 9, 1964.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811223015/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh21/html/WH_Vol21_0168b.htm |date=August 11, 2017 }}, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 21, p. 312.</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book|first= David| last= Scheim|title=Contract on America|publisher=Shapolsky Publishers|year=1988|isbn=978-0-933503-30-4| url= https://archive.org/details/contractonameric00davi}}</ref> Duncan also said that Ruby "was not grieving" and seemed "happy that evidence was piling up against Oswald."<ref name="auto1"/>

Scheim also suggests that Ruby made a "candid confession" when giving testimony to the Warren Commission.<ref name="auto1"/> During his testimony, Ruby teared up when talking about a Saturday morning eulogy for Kennedy, but after composing himself, inexplicably said, "I must be a great actor, I tell you that."<ref name= "auto1"/> Ruby also remarked that "they didn't ask me another question: 'If I loved the President so much, why wasn't I at the parade?{{'"}} (referring to the presidential motorcade) and "it's strange that perhaps I didn't vote for President Kennedy, or didn't vote at all, that I should build up such a great affection for him."<ref name= "Testimony JR v4">{{cite journal| url= http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh14/html/WC_Vol14_0286b.htm| title= Testimony of Jack Ruby| journal= Warren Commission Hearings| volume= 14| access-date= October 3, 2015| archive-date= March 4, 2016| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095714/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh14/html/WC_Vol14_0286b.htm| url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>
Ruby's club stripper Jada, during an interview with [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s Paul Good, said that "I believe [Ruby] disliked [[Robert F. Kennedy|Bobby Kennedy]]".<ref name="auto1"/>

Schiem also noted some who knew Ruby who stated that the patriotic statements which Ruby professed were quite out of character. Ruby's gambling business partner Harry Hall said "Ruby was the type who was interested in any way to make money," and he also said that he "could not conceive of Ruby doing anything out of patriotism."<ref>[https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/html/WH_Vol23_0198a.htm CE 1753 – Secret Service report dated December 4, 1963, of interview of Harry Hall at Terminal Island Federal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104072740/https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh23/html/WH_Vol23_0198a.htm |date=January 4, 2019 }}, Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 23, p. 363.</ref><ref name="auto1"/> Jack Kelly had known Ruby since 1943, and he "scoffed at the idea of a patriotic motive..." and felt that Ruby would have killed Oswald "for publicity [or] for money".<ref name="auto1"/> Ruby's friend Paul Jones also said that he doubted that Ruby "would have become emotionally upset and killed Oswald on the spur of the moment. He felt Ruby would have done it for money."<ref name="auto1"/>

Ruby's lawyers, led by [[Sam Houston Clinton]], appealed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals after his 1964 conviction, the highest criminal court in Texas. Ruby's lawyers argued that he could not have received a fair trial in Dallas because of the excessive publicity surrounding the case. In a taped interview with reporters in March 1965, Ruby stated: "Everything pertaining to what's happening has never come to the surface. The world will never know the true facts of what occurred, my motive. The people who had so much to gain, and had such an ulterior motive for putting me in the position I'm in, will never let the true facts come above board to the world." A reporter asked, "Are these people in very high positions, Jack?", and he responded,"Yes."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/trump-wont-block-scheduled-release-jfk-records/| title=Trump Won't Block Scheduled Release of JFK Records | website=[[CBS News]] | date=October 21, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title= [Unknown title]| work= [[Haaretz]]| first= David B.| last= Green| date= January 3, 2013}}</ref>

Kantor speculated in 1978 that the "Davis" that Ruby mentioned to Tom Howard may have been [[Thomas Eli Davis III]], a CIA-connected mercenary.<ref name= Not>{{cite book| author-link= Anthony Summers| last= Summers| first= Anthony| title= Not in Your Lifetime| location= New York| publisher= Marlowe & Company| year= 1998| isbn= 1-56924-739-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last= Douglass| first= James| title= JFK and the Unspeakable |location= New York| publisher= Simon & Schuster| year= 2008| pages= 357–358| isbn= 978-1-4391-9388-4}}</ref>

Dallas Deputy Sheriff Al Maddox claimed: "Ruby told me, he said, 'Well, they injected me for a cold.' He said it was cancer cells. That's what he told me, Ruby did. I said you don't believe that bullshit. He said, 'I damn sure do!' One day when I started to leave, Ruby shook hands with me and I could feel a piece of paper in his palm." It was a note in which Ruby claimed that he was part of a conspiracy, and that his role was to silence Oswald.<ref name="Crossfire"/> Not long before Ruby died, according to an article in the London ''[[The Sunday Times|Sunday Times]]'', he told psychiatrist Werner Teuter that the assassination was "an act of overthrowing the government" and that he knew "who had President Kennedy killed". He added: "I am doomed. I do not want to die. But I am not insane. I was framed to kill Oswald."<ref name="Crossfire">{{cite book |last= Marrs|first=Jim|title=Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy|location=New York|publisher=Carroll & Graf|year=1989|pages=[https://archive.org/details/crossfireplottha00marr/page/431 431–432]|isbn=978-0-88184-648-5| url= https://archive.org/details/crossfireplottha00marr/page/431}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| work= The Sunday Times| title= [Unknown title]| date= August 25, 1974}}</ref><ref name= Not />

On March 11, 1959, FBI agent Charles W. Flynn of the Dallas Office approached Ruby to become a federal informant due to his job as a night club operator, since he "might have knowledge of the criminal element in Dallas".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oswald Not in 1963 Million-Name Secret Service File |first=Peter |last=Kihss |date=May 13, 1976 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/13/archives/oswald-not-in-1963-millionname-secret-service-file.html |access-date=December 26, 2021 |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226232402/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/13/archives/oswald-not-in-1963-millionname-secret-service-file.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ruby was willing to become an informant and was contacted by the FBI eight times between March 11, 1959, and October 2, 1959, but he provided no information to the Bureau; he was not paid, and contact ceased.<ref>{{cite web |title=FBI Oversight Hearings to the Subcommittee on Civil Rights |url=https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/fbi_oversight_hearings_before_the_subcommittee_on_civil_rights_1976.pdf |website=brennancenter.org/ |access-date=December 26, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221111041/https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/fbi_oversight_hearings_before_the_subcommittee_on_civil_rights_1976.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cartwright |first=Gary |date=November 1975 |title=Who was Jack Ruby? |url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/who-was-jack-ruby/ |work=Texas Monthly |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209011908/https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/who-was-jack-ruby/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Further explanation needed|date=November 2023|reason=How reliable are these sources? Are they first hand or second hand?.}}{{efn|In a 1977 document, it was claimed that Bob Vanderslice, a Dallas Police informant, said Ruby had told him to "watch the fireworks" on November 22 and that both witnessed Kennedy being shot.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/jack-ruby-told-fbi-informant-watch-the-fireworks-day-jfk-died/ | title=Documents: FBI Informant Told Officials Jack Ruby Said to "Watch the Fireworks" Day JFK Died - CBS Texas | website=[[CBS News]] | date=November 18, 2017 }}</ref> Posner disputes this story.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.posner.com/geraldposner/2017/11/a-problem-with-headline-news-about-jack.html | title=A problem with the headline news about Jack Ruby and the JFK Files and an FBI informant — Gerald Posner | work=Gerald Posner }}</ref>}}

Scheim theorised that Mafia leaders [[Carlos Marcello]] and [[Santo Trafficante Jr.]] and organized labor leader [[Jimmy Hoffa]] ordered the assassination of Kennedy.<!-- Should this section be in the "John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories" article, as it details a theory that has little to do with Ruby?--> Scheim cited in particular a 25-fold increase in the number of out-of-state telephone calls from Jack Ruby to associates of these crime bosses in the months before the assassination.<ref>{{cite book |last=Scheim |first=David E. |title=Contract on America: The Mafia Murder of President John F. Kennedy |year=1988 |publisher=Shapolsky Publishers |isbn=978-0-933503-30-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/contractonameric00davi/page/269 269] |quote=Telephone records showed the striking, 25-fold increase in his out-of-state calls, peaking in early November and then plummeting during his final weeks of activity in Dallas. |url=https://archive.org/details/contractonameric00davi|url-access=registration }}</ref> According to author Vincent Bugliosi, both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations determined that all of these calls were related to Ruby seeking help from the [[American Guild of Variety Artists]] in a matter concerning two of his competitors.<ref>Bugliosi, ''Reclaiming History'', p. 1103</ref> The House Select Committee on Assassinations report stated that "most of Ruby's phone calls during late 1963 were related to his labor troubles. In the light of the identity of some of the individuals with whom Ruby spoke, however, the possibility of other matters being discussed could not be dismissed."<ref>[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/pdf/HSCA_Vol9_5E_AGVA.pdf Labor Difficulties with the American Guild of Variety Artists, Early 1960s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528061529/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/pdf/HSCA_Vol9_5E_AGVA.pdf |date=May 28, 2013 }}, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, vol. 9, 5E, p. 201.</ref>

[[Salvatore Bonanno|Bill Bonanno]], son of New York Mafia boss [[Joseph Bonanno]], stated in ''Bound By Honor'' that he realized that certain Mafia families were involved in the JFK assassination when Ruby killed Oswald, since Bonanno was aware that Ruby was an associate of Chicago mobster [[Sam Giancana]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bonanno|first=Bill|year=1999|title=Bound by Honor: A Mafioso's Story|location=New York|publisher=St Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-20388-7|url=https://archive.org/details/boundbyhonor00bill}}</ref>