Editing July Monarchy (section)

== Consolidation of the regime (1832–1835)==
{{lang|fr|King Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} did not regret the departure of {{lang|fr|Casimir Périer|italic=no}} from the political scene, as he complained that {{lang|fr|Périer|italic=no}} took all the credit for the government's policy successes, while he himself had to assume all the criticism for its failures.<ref>{{langx|fr|«&thinsp;J'avais beau faire [...], dit-il, tout ce qui se faisait de bon était attribué à Casimir Périer, et les incidents malheureux retombaient à ma charge; aujourd'hui, au moins, on verra que c'est moi qui règne seul, tout seul.&thinsp;»}} ({{lang|fr|Rodolphe Apponyi, ''Journal'', 18 mai 1832|italic=unset}}, quoted by {{harvnb|Antonetti|2002|p=689}})</ref> The "Citizen King" was therefore not in any hurry to find a new President of the Council, all the more since the Parliament was in recess and that the troubled situation demanded swift and energetic measures.

Indeed, the regime was being attacked on all sides. The Legitimist [[Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry|Duchess of Berry]] attempted an {{ill|uprising in spring 1832|fr|Guerre de Vendée et Chouannerie de 1832}} in {{lang|fr|[[Provence]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|fr|[[Vendée]]|italic=no}}, a stronghold of the [[ultra-royalist]]s, while the Republicans headed an [[June Rebellion| insurrection in Paris on 5 June 1832]], on the occasion of the funeral of one of their leaders, {{lang|fr|[[General Lamarque]]|italic= no}}, also struck dead by the cholera. [[General Mouton]] crushed the rebellion. ([[Victor Hugo]] later described the scene in his 1862 novel ''[[Les Misérables]]''.)

This double victory, over both Legitimists and the Republicans, was a success for the July Monarchy regime.<ref>On 7 June 1832, [[Rudolf, Count of Apponyi]] noted in his ''Journal'': {{lang|fr|«&thinsp;Il me semble que ce n'est que depuis hier qu'on peut dater le règne de Louis-Philippe; il paraît être persuadé qu'on ne peut réussir dans ce pays qu'avec de la force, et, dorénavant, il n'agira plus autrement.&thinsp;»}} (quoted by {{harvnb|Antonetti|2002|p=696}})</ref> Furthermore, the death of the [[Duke of Reichstadt]] (Napoléon II) on 22 July 1832, in [[Vienna]], marked another setback for the [[Bonapartist]] opposition.

Finally, {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} married his elder daughter, {{lang|fr|[[Louise d'Orléans]]|italic=no}}, to the newly-appointed King of the Belgians, [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold I]], on the anniversary of the establishment of the July Monarchy (9 August). Since the [[Archbishop of Paris]], {{lang|fr|[[Quélen]]|italic=no}} (a Legitimist), refused to celebrate this mixed marriage between a Catholic and a Lutheran, the wedding took place in the {{lang|fr|[[Château de Compiègne]]|italic=no}}. This royal alliance strengthened {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}}'s position abroad.

=== First Soult government ===
Louis-Philippe called a trusted man, [[Marshal Soult]], to the Presidency of the Council in October 1832. {{lang|fr|Soult|italic=no}} was supported by a triumvirate composed of the main politicians of that time: [[Adolphe Thiers]], the {{lang|fr|[[duc de Broglie]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|fr|[[François Guizot]]|italic=no}}. The conservative {{lang|fr|[[Journal des débats]]}} spoke of a "coalition of all talents",<ref>{{langx|fr|coalition de tous les talents}}</ref> while the King of the French would eventually speak, with obvious disappointment, of a "{{lang|fr|Casimir Périer|italic=no}} in three persons". In a circular addressed to the high civil-servants and military officers, the new President of the Council, {{lang|fr|Soult|italic=no}}, stated that he would explicitly follow the policies of {{lang|fr|Périer|italic=no}} ("order at home", "peace abroad") and denounced both the Legitimist right-wing opposition and the Republican left-wing opposition.

The new Minister of Interior, {{lang|fr|[[Adolphe Thiers]]|italic=no}}, had his first success on 7 November 1832 with the arrest in {{lang|fr|Nantes|italic=no}} of the rebellious Duchess of Berry, who was detained in the citadel of {{lang|fr|[[Blaye]]|italic=no}}. The duchess was then expelled to [[Palermo]] in the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] on 8 June 1833.

The opening of the parliamentary session on 19 November 1832, was a success for the regime. The governmental candidate, {{lang|fr|[[André Dupin]]|italic=no}}, was easily elected on the first round as President of the Chamber, with 234 votes against 136 for the candidate of the opposition, {{lang|fr|Jacques Laffitte|italic=no}}.

In Belgium, [[Marshal Gérard|Marshal {{lang|fr|Gérard|italic=no|nocat=y}}]] assisted the young Belgian monarchy with 70,000 men, taking back the citadel of [[Antwerp]], which capitulated on 23 December 1832.

Strengthened by these recent successes, {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} initiated two visits to the provinces, first into the north to meet with the victorious Marshal {{lang|fr|Gérard|italic=no}} and his men, and then into [[Normandy]], where Legitimist troubles continued, from August to September 1833. In order to conciliate public opinion, the members of the new government took some popular measures, such as a program of [[public work]]s, leading to the completion of the {{lang|fr|[[Arc de Triomphe]]|italic=no}} in Paris, and the re-establishment, on 21 June 1833, of [[Napoleon I]]'s statue on the {{lang|fr|[[Colonne Vendôme]]|italic=no}}. The [[List of Education Ministers of France|Minister of Public Instruction and Cults]], {{lang|fr|[[François Guizot]]|italic=no}}, had the famous [[Guizot Act|law on primary education]] passed in June 1833, leading to the creation of an elementary school in each [[communes of France|commune]].

Finally, a ministerial change was enacted after the Duke {{lang|fr|de Broglie|italic=no}}'s resignation on 1 April 1834. {{lang|fr|Broglie|italic=no}} had found himself in a minority in the Chamber concerning the ratification of a treaty signed with the United States in 1831. This was a source of satisfaction for the king, as it removed from the triumvirate the individual he disliked the most.

==== April 1834 insurrections ====
The ministerial change coincided with the return of violent unrest in various cities of France. At the end of February 1834, a new law that subjected the activities of [[town crier]]s to public authorization led to several days of confrontations with the police. Furthermore, the 10 April 1834 law, primarily aimed against the Republican [[Society of the Rights of Man]] ({{lang|fr| Société des Droits de l'Homme}}), envisioned a crack-down on non-authorized associations. On 9 April 1834, when the Chamber of Peers was to vote on the law, the Second [[Canut Revolt]] exploded in Lyon. The Minister of the Interior, {{lang|fr|Adolphe Thiers|italic=no}}, decided to abandon the city to the insurgents, taking it back on 13 April with casualties of 100 to 200 dead on both sides.

[[File:Rue Transnonain, le 15 Avril 1834.tif|thumb|right|300px|The massacre of the {{lang|fr|rue Transnonain|italic=no}}, Paris, on 14 April 1834, depicted by the caricaturist {{lang|fr|[[Honoré Daumier]]|italic=no}}]]
The Republicans attempted to spread the insurrection to other cities, but failed in {{lang|fr|[[Marseille]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|fr|[[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|fr|[[Poitiers]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|fr|[[Châlons-sur-Marne]]|italic= no}}. More serious Republican threats developed in {{lang|fr|[[Grenoble]]|italic=no}} and especially in {{lang|fr|[[Saint-Étienne]]|italic=no}} on 11 April, but finally public order was restored. The greater danger to the regime was, as often, in Paris. Expecting trouble, {{lang|fr|Thiers|italic=no}} had concentrated 40,000 men there, who were visited by the king on 10 April. Furthermore, {{lang|fr|Thiers|italic=no}} had made [[preventive detention| "preventive arrests"]] of 150 principal [[leader]]s of the Society of the Rights of Man and outlawed its mouthpiece, {{lang|fr|[[La Tribune des départements]]|italic=yes}}. Despite these measures, barricades were set up in the evening of 13 April 1834, leading to harsh repression, including a massacre of all the inhabitants (men, women, children and old people) of a house from where a shot had been fired.  This incident was immortalized in a lithograph by {{lang|fr|[[Honoré Daumier]]|italic=no}}.

To express their support for the monarchy, both Chambers gathered in the [[Palace of the Tuileries]] on 14 April. In a gesture of appeasement, {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} canceled his feast-day celebration on 1 May, and publicly announced that the sums that were to have been used for these festivities would be dedicated to the orphans, widows and injured. In the same time, he ordered Marshal {{lang|fr|Soult|italic=no}} to publicize these events widely across France (the provinces being more conservative than Paris), to convince them of the "necessary increase in the Army".<ref>{{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} to {{lang|fr|Soult|italic=no}}, 17 April 1834, quoted by {{harvnb|Antonetti|2002|p=723}}</ref>

More than 2,000 arrests were made following the riots, in particular in Paris and Lyon. The cases were referred to the Chamber of Peers, which, in accordance with art. 28 of the Charter of 1830, dealt with cases of conspiracy against state security ({{langx|fr|attentat contre la sûreté de l'État}}). The Republican movement was decapitated, so much that even the funeral of {{lang|fr|La Fayette|italic=no}} (died 20 May 1834), passed with little incident. As early as 13 May the Chamber of Deputies voted a credit of 14&nbsp;million in order to increase the army to 360,000 men. Two days later, they also adopted a very repressive law on detention and use of military weapons.

==== Legislative elections of 1834 ====
{{further|French legislative election, 1834}}
Louis-Philippe decided to seize the opportunity of dissolving the Chamber and organizing [[1834 French legislative election |new elections]], which were held on 21 June 1834. However, the results were not as favorable to him as expected: although the Republicans were almost eliminated, the Opposition retained around 150 seats (approximately 30 Legitimists, the rest being followers of {{lang|fr|[[Odilon Barrot]]|italic=no}}, who was an {{lang|fr|Orléanist|italic=no}} supporter of the regime, but headed the {{lang|fr|Parti du mouvement}}). Furthermore, in the ranks of the majority itself, composed of about 300 deputies, a new faction, the {{lang|fr|Tiers-Parti}}, led by {{lang|fr|[[André Dupin]]|italic=no}}, could on some occasions defect from the majority and give its votes to the Left. On 31 July the new Chamber re-elected {{lang|fr|Dupin|italic=no}} as President of the Chamber with 247 votes against 33 for {{lang|fr|[[Jacques Laffitte]]|italic=no}} and 24 for {{lang|fr|[[Pierre-Paul Royer-Collard]]|italic=no}}. Furthermore, a large majority (256 against 39) voted an ambiguous address to the king which, although polite, did not abstain from criticizing him. The latter immediately decided, on 16 August 1834, to prorogue Parliament until the end of the year.

===Short-lived governments (July 1834 – February 1835)===
Thiers and Guizot, who dominated the triumvirate, decided to get rid of Marshal Soult, who was appreciated by the king for his compliant attitude. Seizing the opportunity of an incident concerning the [[French rule in Algeria|French possessions in Algeria]], they pushed {{lang|fr|Soult|italic=no}} to resign on 18 July 1834. He was replaced by [[Marshal Gérard|Marshal {{lang|fr|Gérard|italic=no|nocat=y}}]], with the other ministers remaining in place. {{lang|fr|Gérard|italic=no}} however, was forced to resign in turn, on 29 October 1834, over the question of an amnesty for the 2,000 prisoners detained in April. {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}}, the {{lang|fr|[[Doctrinaires]]}} (including {{lang|fr|Guizot|italic=no}} and {{lang|fr|Thiers|italic=no}}) and the core of the government opposed the amnesty, but the {{lang|fr|Tiers-Parti}} managed to convince {{lang|fr|Gérard|italic=no}} to announce it, underscoring the logistical difficulties in organizing such a large trial before the Chamber of Peers.

{{lang|fr|Gérard|italic=no}}'s resignation opened up a four-month ministerial crisis, until {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} finally assembled a government entirely from the {{lang|fr|Tiers-Parti}}. However, after {{lang|fr|André Dupin|italic=no}}'s refusal to assume its presidency, the king made the mistake of calling, on 10 November 1834, a figure from the First Empire, the {{lang|fr|[[duc de Bassano]]|italic=no}}, to head his government. The latter, crippled with debts, became the object of public ridicule after his creditors decided to seize his ministerial salary. Alarmed, all the ministers decided to resign, three days later, without even advising {{lang|fr|Bassano|italic=no}}, whose government became known as the "Three Days Ministry". On 18 November 1834, {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}} called [[Marshal Mortier|Marshal {{lang|fr|Mortier|italic=no|nocat=yes}}]], Duke of {{lang|fr|Trévise|italic=no}}, to the Presidency, and the latter formed exactly the same government as {{lang|fr|Bassano|italic=no}}. This crisis made the {{lang|fr|Tiers-Parti}} ridiculous while the {{lang|fr|Doctrinaires}} triumphed.

On 1 December 1834, {{lang|fr|Mortier|italic=no}}'s government decided to submit a [[motion of confidence]] to the Parliament, obtaining a clear majority (184 votes to 117). Despite this, {{lang|fr|Mortier|italic=no}} had to resign two months later, on 20 February 1835, officially for health reasons. The opposition had denounced a government without a leader, accusing {{lang|fr|Mortier|italic=no}} of being {{lang|fr|Louis-Philippe|italic=no}}'s puppet. The same phrase that {{lang|fr|Thiers|italic=no}} had spoken in opposition to [[Charles X of France|Charles X]], "the king reigns but does not rule" ({{lang|fr|le roi règne mais ne gouverne pas}}), was now addressed to the "Citizen King".