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Local anesthetic
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==== Emotional reactions ==== When patients are emotionally affected in the form of nervousness or fear, it can lead to vasovagal collapse. This is the anticipation of pain during administration that activates the [[parasympathetic nervous system]] while inhibiting the orthosympathetic nervous system.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRgnDwAAQBAJ&q=side+effects|title=Local Anaesthesia in Dentistry| vauthors = Baart JA, Brand HS |date=2017-06-07|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319437057 }}</ref> What results is a dilation of arteries in muscles which can lead to a reduction in circulating blood volume inducing a temporary shortness of blood flow to the brain. Notable symptoms include restlessness, visibly looking pale, perspiration and possible loss of consciousness. In severe cases, clonic cramps resembling an epileptic insult may occur.<ref name=":1" /> On the other hand, fear of administration can also result in accelerated, shallow breathing, or [[hyperventilation]]. The patient may feel a tingling sensation in hands and feet or a sense of light-headedness and increased chest pressure.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} Hence, it is crucial for the medical professional administrating the local anesthesia, especially in the form of an injection, to ensure that the patient is in a comfortable setting and has any potential fears alleviated in order to avoid these possible complications.
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