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Magnetic reconnection
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===Laboratory plasma experiments=== Magnetic reconnection has also been observed in numerous laboratory experiments. For example, studies on the [[Large Plasma Device|Large Plasma Device (LAPD)]] at UCLA have observed and mapped quasi-separatrix layers near the magnetic reconnection region of a two [[Flux tube|flux rope]] system,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lawrence|first1=Eric E.| last2=Gekelman|first2=W|date=2009|title=Identification of a Quasiseparatrix Layer in a Reconnecting Laboratory Magnetoplasma| journal=Physical Review Letters| volume=103| issue=10| pages=105002| doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.105002| pmid=19792321| bibcode=2009PhRvL.103j5002L}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last1=Gekelman|first1=W| last2=Lawrence|first2=E| last3=Collette|first3=A| last4=Vincena|first4=S| last5=Compernolle|first5=B Van| last6=Pribyl|first6=P| last7=Berger|first7=M| last8=Campbell|first8=J| date=2010-12-01| title=Magnetic field line reconnection in the current systems of flux ropes and Alfvén waves| journal=Physica Scripta | volume=T142| pages=014032| doi= 10.1088/0031-8949/2010/t142/014032 | issn=0031-8949 | bibcode=2010PhST..142a4032G | s2cid=29910900}}</ref> while experiments on the Magnetic Reconnection Experiment (MRX) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) have confirmed many aspects of magnetic reconnection, including the Sweet–Parker model in regimes where the model is applicable.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ji|first=H. | display-authors=etal | title=Magnetic reconnection with Sweet-Parker characteristics in two-dimensional laboratory plasmas | journal=Physics of Plasmas | date=May 1999 | volume=6 | issue=5| pages=1743–1750| doi=10.1063/1.873432| bibcode = 1999PhPl....6.1743J |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc681346/m2/1/high_res_d/3001.pdf}}</ref> Analysis of the physics of [[Magnetic helicity|helicity]] injection,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahimi |first=Fatima |date=20 May 2015 |title=Plasmoids Formation During Simulations of Coaxial Helicity Injection in the National Spherical Torus Experiment |url=https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.205003 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=114 |issue=20 |pages=205003|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.205003 |pmid=26047235 |arxiv=2203.16018 |bibcode=2015PhRvL.114t5003E |s2cid=24545773 }}</ref> used to create the initial plasma current in the [[National Spherical Torus Experiment|NSTX]] [[spherical tokamak]], led Dr. [[Fatima Ebrahimi]] to propose a [[Plasma propulsion engine|plasma thruster]] that uses fast magnetic reconnection to accelerate plasma<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 11, 2021 |title=How Dr. Fatima Ebrahimi is Geting Humans a Faster Ticket to Mars|url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-dr-fatima-ebrahimi-geting-humans-faster-ticket-mars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311060534/https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-dr-fatima-ebrahimi-geting-humans-faster-ticket-mars |archive-date=March 11, 2021 |access-date=April 7, 2022 |website=Energy.gov}}</ref> to produce thrust for space propulsion. [[Tokamak sawtooth|Sawtooth oscillations]] are periodic mixing events occurring in the [[tokamak]] plasma core. The Kadomtsev model describes sawtooth oscillations as a consequence of magnetic reconnection due to displacement of the central region with safety factor <math>q < 1</math> caused by the internal kink mode.
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