Editing March First Movement (section)

== Suppression ==
[[File:L’Indépendance de la Corée et la Paix-04.jpg|thumb|Japanese authorities blockading Tapgol Park (1919)]]
The Japanese Government-General of Chōsen was reportedly unaware that the protests would occur until they began, and was surprised by the scale and intensity of them. It rushed to recruit people from various backgrounds,<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /><ref name="Japan Focus" /> including firemen<ref name="YNA 2019 5" /> and security guards at railroads,<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> to stop the protests. The government-general received more military police and police officers from Japan, as well as more army divisions. They equipped these groups with lethal weapons and distributed them around Korea.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /><ref name="YNA 2019 8">{{Cite web |last=유 |first=철종 |date=2019-02-19 |script-title=ko:[외신속 3·1 운동] ⑧ 러 프라우다·이즈베스티야도 주목…"조선여성 영웅적 항쟁" |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190217045600080 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko |archive-date=May 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501231032/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190217045600080 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A significant number of mass murders of Korean civilians occurred.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> There are numerous reports of Japanese authorities around the peninsula opening fire or conducting organized [[bayonet charge]]s on unarmed protestors.<ref name="YNA 2019 7"/><ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /><ref name="YNA 2019 5" /><ref name="YNA 2019 14"/>

During an intense raid on [[Suwon]] and [[Anseong]], Japanese authorities reportedly burnt 276 private homes down, killed 29, and arrested around 2,000 people. Many Koreans were tortured and executed.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> On April 6, the {{Ill|Sucheon-ri massacre|ko|수촌리 학살 사건}} occurred, during which Japanese authorities entered a village at night, set it on fire, and killed people who attempted to put the fires out.<ref>{{Citation |last=김 |first=진봉 |script-title=ko:수원 수천리 참변 (水原 狩川里 慘變) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0031602 |access-date=2024-05-05 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko |archive-date=May 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505195121/https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0031602 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ministry Schofield">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:이달의 독립운동가: 프랭크 윌리엄 스코필드 |trans-title=Independence activist of the month: Frank William Schofield |url=https://e-gonghun.mpva.go.kr/user/IndepCrusaderDetail.do?goTocode=20003&mngNo=100011 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=e-gonghun.mpva.go.kr |publisher=[[Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs]]}}</ref> On April 15, during the now infamous [[Jeamni massacre]], Japanese authorities lured 20 to 30<ref name="EncyKorea Jeamni" /> Korean civilians into a church, opened fire on them, then burned the church down to hide evidence of the killings.<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /><ref name="Ministry Schofield" />

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Photographs of the protests' suppression">
File:(Red Cross pamphlet on March 1st Movement) (KADA-shyun15-012~20).jpg|alt=
File:(Red Cross pamphlet on March 1st Movement) (KADA-shyun15-012~29).jpg|alt=
File:(Red Cross pamphlet on March 1st Movement) (KADA-shyun15-012~24).jpg|alt=
File:(Red Cross pamphlet on March 1st Movement) (KADA-shyun15-012~30).jpg
File:(Red Cross pamphlet on March 1st Movement) (KADA-shyun15-012~35).jpg
</gallery>

There are reports of [[crucifixion]]s being performed on Korean Christians; this is attested to in one photograph, which was reprinted in American newspapers and paired with expressions of outrage.<ref name="YNA 2019 5">{{Cite web |last=옥 |first=철 |date=2019-02-16 |script-title=ko:[외신속 3·1 운동] ⑤ 샌프란發 대서특필…美서 대일여론전 '포문' 열다 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190214006800075 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko |archive-date=May 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501202557/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190214006800075 |url-status=live }}</ref> Korean schoolgirls are attested to being stripped and publicly flogged.<ref name="YNA 2019 5" /><ref name="YNA 2019 14"/> An anecdote attested to claims a girl had her hand cut off by a Japanese soldier because she was holding a copy of the declaration. She then reportedly switched to holding the item in her other hand, and continued to protest.<ref name="YNA 2019 14"/>

One female student of [[Ewha Haktang]] gave a testimony that was later submitted into the American [[Congressional Record]]:

{{Blockquote|text=It was on the 5th of March that I [joined a] procession at the [[Namdaemun|South Gate]]. As we neared the [[Deoksugung|Palace]], a Japanese policeman seized me by the hair, and I was thrown violently to the ground. He kicked me mercilessly, and I was rendered almost unconscious. He rushed me along by my hair, and I was led to the [[Jongno|Chongno]] Police Station. At the entrance of the police office twenty or more Japanese policemen, who stood in line, kicked me and struck me [...] in the face so many times... I was made to kneel down with my legs bound together, and each question and answer was accompanied alternately by blows to the face...{{Sfn|Chung|1921|pp=94–96}}}}

An April 12 cablegram, sent from Shanghai to the [[Korean National Association]] in San Francisco, read:

{{Blockquote|text=Japan began massacring in Korea. Over [one] thousand unarmed people killed in Seoul during three hours' demonstration on the twenty-eighth. Japanese troops, fire brigades, and civilians are ordered [to shoot, beat, and {{sic|hook}}] people mercilessly throughout Korea. Killed several thousand since twenty-seventh. Churches, schools, homes of leaders destroyed. Women made naked and beaten before crowds, especially leaders' family. The imprisoned being severely tortured. Doctors are forbidden caring wounded. Foreign Red Cross urgently needed.<ref name="YNA 2019 5" />}}

Foreigners were also reportedly persecuted by Japanese authorities. American missionary [[Eli Mowry|Eli M. Mowry]] was sentenced to hard labor for allegedly harboring demonstrators.{{Sfn|Palmer|2020|pp=|p=203}}{{Sfn|Ku|2021|pp=|p=129}} An American woman was reportedly attacked in Pyongyang.{{Sfn|Ku|2021|pp=|p=127}} According to the [[League of Friends of Korea]], two American women "were beaten by the Japanese soldiers for no other reason than they were sympathetic with the Koreans".<ref name="YNA 2019 5" /> Japanese authorities searched the residences of foreigners,<ref name="YNA 2019 5" />{{Sfn|Palmer|2020|pp=202–203}} reportedly without [[Search warrant|warrant]].{{Sfn|Palmer|2020|pp=202–203}}

According to an August 15 article in the Soviet newspaper ''[[Izvestia]]'', gatherings became treated with suspicion by Japanese authorities. In one instance, after a Korean attendee of a wedding was found to have documents linking him to the independence movement, Japanese authorities raided the wedding and conducted mass beatings and arrests.<ref name="YNA 2019 8" />

=== Prison conditions ===
[[File:서대문형무소전경(1945) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Seodaemun Prison]], where many arrestees were kept.<ref name="Japan Focus" /> (1945)]]
There are numerous reports of prison conditions being extremely poor. Seoul's [[Seodaemun Prison]] became infamous for the mistreatment and [[extrajudicial killing]]s of prisoners.<ref name="Japan Focus" /> There, women were stripped naked in front of male guards.<ref name="YNA 2019 5" />{{Sfn|Chung|1921|p=96}} An April 22, 1919 pamphlet by the Presbyterian Church in America read:

{{Blockquote|text=[When] they put Korean women in the question box—this, mind you, is before they are condemned at all—they are stripped absolutely naked... From here they have to walk across an open court where they can be seen by any one who pleases... Some women, who tried to cover themselves, had their hands tied behind them.{{sfn|Chung|1921|pp=92–93}}}}

There are reports that conditions were extremely cramped and dirty, and that some rooms were so cramped that people were unable to sit or lie down.<ref name="YNA 2019 5" />{{Sfn|Chung|1921|pp=99–100}} William R. Giles, a reporter for the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]'', reportedly witnessed 30 prisoners being kept in a single {{Convert|10 x 6|ft|m|abbr=on}} room in a Pyongyang prison.{{Sfn|Chung|1921|p=100}} Koreans were reportedly kept separate from Japanese prisoners, and given worse facilities.{{Sfn|Chung|1921|pp=99–100}} Another issue was heating; physician [[Jessie Hirst]], head of [[Severance Hospital]], reported that four nurses from his hospital were arrested for protesting in the winter of 1919. They were kept in conditions so cold that their hands, feet, and one of their faces froze.{{Sfn|Chung|1921|p=101}} There are reports that prisoners were made to strip down in one building and run to another in the cold. One woman reportedly was made to walk from one prison barefoot through the snow to another in order to be processed for her release.{{Sfn|Chung|1921|p=|pp=102–103}}

After experiencing poor treatment during her prison intake, one girl was reportedly let go the following day without ever being formally charged of any crimes, nor ever going to trial.{{Sfn|Chung|1921|p=96}}

=== Yu Gwan-sun ===
{{Main article|Yu Gwan-sun}}
[[File:Ryu Gwan-sun.jpg|thumb|245x245px|A [[mug shot]] of Yu (1919)]]
Yu Gwan-sun, a 16-year-old participant in the protests, has since become a symbol of March First Movement, and is now remembered in South Korea as a martyr. On the first day of the protests, Yu, then a student at [[Ewha Haktang]], participated in the protest in Seoul. On March 5, she participated in another protest at [[Namdaemun]] in Seoul and was arrested. Missionaries from her school negotiated her release. She then returned to her hometown of Cheonan, albeit with a smuggled copy of the Declaration of Independence. From there, she went from village to village, spreading the news of the protests and encouraging people to organize their own. On April 1, 3,000 protestors gathered in Cheonan. The Japanese military police opened fire on the protestors and killed 19; among the dead were Yu's parents.<ref name="NYT Yu">{{Cite news |last=Kang |first=Inyoung |date=2018-03-29 |title=Overlooked No More: Yu Gwan-sun, a Korean Independence Activist Who Defied Japanese Rule |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/28/obituaries/overlooked-yu-gwan-sun.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824213126/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/28/obituaries/overlooked-yu-gwan-sun.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Yu was arrested and detained at Seodaemun Prison. She was reportedly unrepentant despite repeated beatings and torture. She eventually died of her injuries on September 28, 1920.<ref name="NYT Yu" />