Editing Medical error (section)

=== Misdiagnosis of psychological disorders ===
[[Human female sexuality|Female sexual desire]] sometimes used to be diagnosed as [[female hysteria]].{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

[[Food sensitivity|Sensitivities to foods]] and [[food allergies]] risk being misdiagnosed as the [[eating disorder]] [[orthorexia]].

Studies have found that [[bipolar disorder]] has often been misdiagnosed as [[major depression]]. Its early diagnosis necessitates that clinicians pay attention to the features of the patient's depression and also look for present or prior [[hypomanic]] or [[mania|manic]] symptomatology.<ref name=Bowden2001>{{cite journal |last1=Bowden |first1=Charles L. |title=Strategies to Reduce Misdiagnosis of Bipolar Depression |journal=Psychiatric Services |date=January 2001 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=51–55 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.52.1.51 |pmid=11141528 }}</ref>

The misdiagnosis of [[schizophrenia]] is also a common problem. There may be long delays of patients getting a correct diagnosis of this disorder.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schizophrenia Symptoms |publisher=schizophrenia.com |access-date=2008-03-30 |url=http://www.schizophrenia.com/diag.php |archive-date=December 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205115712/http://schizophrenia.com/diag.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Delayed sleep phase disorder]]  is often confused with: psychophysiological insomnia; [[clinical depression|depression]]; psychiatric disorders such as [[schizophrenia]], [[ADHD|ADHD or ADD]]; other sleep disorders; or [[school refusal]]. Practitioners of [[sleep medicine]] point out the dismally low rate of accurate diagnosis of the disorder, and have often asked for better physician education on sleep disorders.<ref name=Dagan_2005>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dagan Y, Ayalon L |title=Case study: psychiatric misdiagnosis of non-24-hours sleep–wake schedule disorder resolved by melatonin |journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry |volume=44 |issue=12 |pages=1271–1275 |year=2005 |pmid=16292119 |doi= 10.1097/01.chi.0000181040.83465.48}}</ref>

[[Cluster headache]]s are often misdiagnosed, mismanaged, or undiagnosed for many years; they may be confused with [[migraine]], "cluster-like" [[headache]] (or mimics), CH subtypes, other TACs ([[Trigeminal autonomic cephalgia|trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias]]), or other types of primary or secondary headache syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Vliet |first1=J A |last2=Eekers |first2=PJ |last3=Haan |first3=J |last4=Ferrari |first4=MD |last5=Dutch RUSSH Study |first5=Group. |title=Features involved in the diagnostic delay of cluster headache |journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |date=1 August 2003 |volume=74 |issue=8 |pages=1123–1125 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.74.8.1123 |pmid=12876249 |pmc=1738593 }}</ref>  Cluster-like head pain may be diagnosed as secondary headache rather than cluster headache.<ref name=IHS>{{cite web |url= http://www.ihs-classification.org/en/02_klassifikation/02_teil1/03.01.00_cluster.html |title= IHS Classification ICHD-II 3.1 Cluster headache |publisher= The International Headache Society |access-date= 2014-01-03 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103182003/http://www.ihs-classification.org/en/02_klassifikation/02_teil1/03.01.00_cluster.html |archive-date= 3 November 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Under-recognition of CH by health care professionals is reflected in consistent findings in Europe and the United States that the average time to diagnosis is around seven years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tfelt-Hansen |first1=Peer C. |last2=Jensen |first2=Rigmor H. |title=Management of Cluster Headache |journal=CNS Drugs |date=July 2012 |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=571–580 |doi=10.2165/11632850-000000000-00000 |pmid=22650381 |s2cid=22522914 }}</ref>

[[Asperger syndrome]] and [[autism]] tend to get undiagnosed or delayed recognition and delayed diagnosis<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brett |first1=Denise |last2=Warnell |first2=Frances |last3=McConachie |first3=Helen |last4=Parr |first4=Jeremy R. |title=Factors Affecting Age at ASD Diagnosis in UK: No Evidence that Diagnosis Age has Decreased Between 2004 and 2014 |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |year=2016 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1974–1984 |doi=10.1007/s10803-016-2716-6 |pmid=27032954 |pmc=4860193 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lehnhardt |first1=F.-G. |last2=Gawronski |first2=A. |last3=Volpert |first3=K. |last4=Schilbach |first4=L. |last5=Tepest |first5=R. |last6=Vogeley |first6=K. |title=Das psychosoziale Funktionsniveau spätdiagnostizierter Patienten mit Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen – eine retrospektive Untersuchung im Erwachsenenalter |trans-title=Psychosocial functioning of adults with late diagnosed autism spectrum disorders--a retrospective study |language=de |journal=Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie |date=15 November 2011 |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=88–97 |doi=10.1055/s-0031-1281642 |pmid=22086712 |s2cid=25077268 }}</ref> or misdiagnosed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Shilpa |last2=Angus |first2=Beth |title=Misdiagnosis versus missed diagnosis: diagnosing autism spectrum disorder in adolescents |journal=Australasian Psychiatry |date=4 February 2015 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=120–123 |doi=10.1177/1039856214568214 |pmid=25653302 |s2cid=43475267 }}</ref> Delayed or mistaken diagnosis can be traumatic for individuals and families; for example, misdiagnosis can lead to medications that worsen behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corvin |first1=Aiden |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=Michael |title=Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Asperger syndrome |journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment |year=2001 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=310–318 |doi=10.1192/apt.7.4.310 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leskovec |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Rowles |first2=Brieana M. |last3=Findling |first3=Robert L. |title=Pharmacological Treatment Options for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children and Adolescents |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |date=March 2008 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=97–112 |doi=10.1080/10673220802075852 |pmid=18415882 |s2cid=26112061 }}</ref>

[[Field experiment|Field trials]] of the ''[[DSM-5|Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition]]'' (DSM-5) included "[[test-retest reliability]]" which involved different clinicians doing independent evaluations of the same patient—a new approach to the study of diagnostic reliability.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Reliability_and_Prevalence_in_DSM-5_Field_Trials_1-12-12.pdf |title=Reliability and Prevalence in the DSM-5 Field Trials |date=January 12, 2012 |access-date=2012-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131110008/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Reliability_and_Prevalence_in_DSM-5_Field_Trials_1-12-12.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31}}</ref>