Editing Messapic language (section)

=== Inherited ===
Only Messapic words regarded as 'inherited' from its precursor are hereunder listed, thus excluding loanwords from Greek, Latin or other languages.

{| class="wikitable"
! Messapic lexical item
!English translation
!Proto-Messapic form
![[Albanoid|Albanoid (Illyric)]]
![[Paleo-Balkan languages|Paleo-Balkan]]
!Other Indo-European cognates
!Sources
|--
|-
|''ana''
|mother
|''*annā'' (a nursery word)
|[[Proto-Albanian language|Proto-Albanian]]: *''na(n)nā, *amma;'' Albanian: ''nënë/nana,'' ''ëmë/âmë'' ('mother')
|Greek: ''ámma'' ('mother, nurse')
|[[Hittite language|Hittite]]: ''annaš'' ('mother'); Latin: ''amma'' ('mother');
|<ref>{{harvnb|Matzinger|2005|p=38}}; {{harvnb|West|2007|p=140}}; {{Harvnb|Matzinger|2014|p=26}}.</ref>
|-
|''anda''
|and, as well
|
|Proto-Abanian: ''*edhō/êndō;'' Albanian: ''edhe/ênde'' ('and', 'yet', 'therefore')
|Greek: ''endha/ΕΝΘΑ''; ('and' , 'as well')
|Latin: ''ante'' ("opposite, in front of"); Hittite: ''anda''
|<ref>{{harvnb|Marchesini|2009|p=148}}; {{harvnb|De Simone|2017|p=1844}}; {{Harvnb|Matzinger|2019|p=98}}.</ref>
|-
|''apa''
|from
|''*apo''
|Proto-Albanian: ''*apo''; Albanian: (''për-)apë''  ('from'); Albanian (Gheg): ''pi'' (PI < apa) ('from') or ''pa'' (PA < ''*apa'') ('without')
|[[Greek language|Greek]]: ''apó''
|[[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: ''ápa''
|<ref>{{harvnb|Matzinger|2005|p=38}}; {{Harvnb|Matzinger|2014|p=26}}.</ref>
|-
|''atabulus''
|[[sirocco]]
|
|Proto-Albanian: ''*abula''; Albanian: ''avull'' ('steam, vapor')
|
|[[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]: ''*nebulaz'' ('fog')
|<ref>{{harvnb|Orel|1998|p=12}}; {{harvnb|Ismajli|2015|p=466}}.</ref>
|-
|''aran'' 
|field
|''*h₂r°h₃ā-''
|[[Proto-Albanian language|Proto-Albanian]]: ''*arā'': Albanian: ''arë, ara'' ('field')
|Ancient Greek ''arura'' ('earth')
|Hittite: ''arba-'' ('border, area'); [[Latvian language|Latvian]]: ''ara'' ('field')
|<ref>{{harvnb|Orel|1998|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Matzinger|2005|p=33}}; {{harvnb|Matzinger|2015|p=64}}; {{harvnb|Poli|2019|p=600}}.</ref>
|-
|''bàrka''
|belly
|
|Proto-Albanian: ''*baruka''; Albanian: ''bark'' ('belly')
|
|
|<ref>{{harvnb|Orel|1998|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Pisani|1976|p=69}}.</ref>
|-
|-
|''Barzidihi'', ''Barduli''
|''(personal name)''
|
|[[Illyrian language|Illyrian]]: ''[[Bardylis|Bardyl(l)is]]'';
Proto-Albanian: ''*bardza''; Albanian: ''bardhë/bardhi'', ''[[Bardha]]'' ('white', found also in anthroponyms, e.g., ''Bardh-i'', ''[[Bardhyl]]'')
|
|
|<ref>{{harvnb|Bejko|2004|p=108}}; {{harvnb|Orel|1998|p=17}}; {{harvnb|Demiraj|1997|p=90}}; {{harvnb|Buda|1984|p=50}}.</ref>
|-
|''bennan''
|''(a sort of vehicle)''
|''*benna''
|
|
|[[Gaulish language|Gaulish]]: ''benna'' (a kind of 'carriage')
|<ref>{{harvnb|Marchesini|2009|p=154}}.</ref>
|-
|''biles/bilihi''
|son
|
|Proto-Albanian: ''*bira''; Albanian: ''bir'', pl. ''bilj - bij'' ('son')
|
|Latin: ''fīlius'' ('son')
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''biliā/bilina''<br />
|daughter
|''*bhu-lyā''
|Proto-Albanian: ''*birilā''; Albanian: ''bijë'' - ''bija'' ('daughter'); older dialect ''bilë'' - ''bila'' ('daughter')
|
|Latin: ''fīlia'' ('daughter')
|<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|Orel|1998|p=25}}; {{harvnb|De Simone|2017|p=1842}}; {{harvnb|Pisani|1976|p=69}}; {{harvnb|Matzinger|2005|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Marchesini|2009|p=154}}; {{harvnb|Matzinger|2015|p=64}}.</ref>
|-
|''bréndon;'' ''bréntion''
|stag; stag's head. The Messapic word is at the origin of the toponym ''Brendésion'' (Βρενδέσιον), ''Brentḗsion'' (Βρεντήσιον), modern [[Brindisi]]
|
|Proto-Albanian: ''*brina''; Albanian: ''bri'', ''brî'' ('horn'; 'antler')
|
|[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]: ''briedis'', ('elk');{{Efn|In a 2022 publication, [[Tijmen Pronk]] argues that Lith. ''briedis'', Latv. ''briêdis'', and Old Prussian ''braydis'' (all meaning 'elk') are loanwords from a non-IE language.<ref>Pronk, Tijmen. “Balto-Slavic”. In: ''The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective''. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. pp. 270-271. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.015.</ref>|group=note|name=}} [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''brinde'' ('elk')
|<ref name="brendon">{{harvnb|Mann|1977|p=92}}; {{harvnb|Orel|1998|p=37}}; {{harvnb|Pisani|1976|p=69}}; {{harvnb|Matzinger|2005|p=35}}; {{harvnb|Matzinger|2017|p=1790}}.</ref>
|-
|''Damatura''
|Mother Earth ''(goddess)''
|''[[Dhéǵhōm|*dʰǵʰ(e)m-]] matura''
|Pre-Proto-Albanian: ''*d<sup>ź</sup>ō'' > Proto-Albanian ''ðē(h)'' > Albanian: ''dhe'' ('earth')
|Whether the (pre-)Illyrian form is at the origin of the Greek goddess [[Demeter]] or the contrary is unclear.<ref>{{harvnb|Orel|1998|p=80}}; {{harvnb|West|2007|p=176}}; {{harvnb|Beekes|2009|p=324}}; {{harvnb|De Simone|2017|p=1843}}</ref>
|Latvian: ''Zemes Māte'' ('Mother Earth')
|<ref>{{harvnb|Pisani|1987|p=501}}; {{harvnb|West|2007|p=|pp=174–176}}; {{harvnb|Orel|1998|p=80}}.</ref>
|-
|''deiva; dīva''
|god; goddess
|
|
|
|Sanskrit: ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|devá]]'' ('heavenly, divine'); Lithuanian ''[[Dievas|Diēvas]]''; Old Norse: ''[[Týr]]''
|<ref>{{harvnb|West|2007|p=120}}; {{harvnb|De Simone|2017|p=1843}}.</ref>
|-
|''den''
|voice
|''*ghen''
|Proto-Albanian: ''*džana''; Albanian: ''zë/zâ, zër/zân'' ('voice')
|
|
|<ref name="Pisani 1976 69">{{harvnb|Pisani|1976|p=69}}.</ref>
|--
|''hazavaθi''
|to offer (sacral)
| 
|
|''ha-'' is a prefix, ''zav-'' is the same root as in Greek: χεών
|same root in Sanskrit ''ju-hô-ti'' and Avestan: ''zaotar''- ('sacrificer')
|<ref name="Pisani 1976 69"/>
|-
|''hipades''
|he/she/it offers, dedicates, sets up
|''*supo dhē-s-t''
|Proto-Albanian: ''*skūpa'': Albanian: ''hip'' ('go up') and ''dha/dhash'' ('he gave/I gave')
|
|
|<ref>{{harvnb|Pisani|1976|p=68}}; {{harvnb|Ismajli|2015|p=66}}; {{Harvnb|De Simone|2017|p=1845}}</ref>
|-
|''hipakaθi''
|offer, set up
|
|Albanian: ''hip'' ('go up') and ''ka/kam'' ('he has/I have') > ''hip-ka-''
|
|
|<ref>{{harvnb|Pisani|1976|p=68}}; {{harvnb|Fortson|2004|p=467}}.</ref>
|-
|''kàrpa''
|'[[tuff]] (rock), [[limestone]]', preserved as ''càrpë'' 'tuff' in [[Bitonto]] dialect and ''càrparu'' 'limestone' in [[Salentino dialect|Salentino]]
|
|Albanian: ''kárpë/kárpa'', pl. ''kárpa/-t'' ('rock, stiff')
|root of the oronym ''Karpates'' ([[Carpathian Mountains]])
|Lithuanian ''kerpù'', ''kir̃pti'' 'chop, cut'
|<ref>{{harvnb|Matasović|1995|p=96}}; {{harvnb|Demiraj|1997|p=213}}; {{harvnb|Cortelazzo|Marcato|1998|p=120}}; {{harvnb|Savić|Ligorio|2022|p=22}}.</ref>
|-
|''klaohi/klohi''
|hear, listen (''invocative'')
|''*kleu-s-''
|Albanian: ''kluoj/kluaj/kluhem'' ('call, hear')
|Greek: ''klythí'' ('hear')
|Sanskrit: ''śrudhí'' ('hear'); Slavic: ''slušati'' ('hear'); Lithuanian: ''klausyti'' ('hear')
|<ref>{{harvnb|Pisani|1976|p=69}}; {{harvnb|West|2007|p=317}}; {{harvnb|De Simone|2017|p=1845}}; {{harvnb|Marchesini|2009|p=152}}.</ref>
|-
|''kos''
|someone
|''*q<sup>w</sup>o''
|Proto-Albanian: ''*kuša''; Albanian: ''kush'' ('who')
|
|Tocharian A: ''Kus'' ('who')
|<ref>{{harvnb|Hamp|1966|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Marchesini|2009|p=153}}.</ref>
|-
|''ma''
|not
|''*meh₁''
|Albanian: ''ma'', ''me'', ''mos''
|Greek: ''mē''
|Sanskrit: ''mā''
|<ref>{{harvnb|Hamp|1966|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Matzinger|2005|p=38}}; {{harvnb|Marchesini|2009|p=153}}; {{Harvnb|Matzinger|2014|p=26}}.</ref>
|-
|''menza'', ''[[Manduria]]'' (toponym)
|foal
|''*mendyo''
|Proto-Albanian: ''*mandja''; Albanian: ''mëz'' - ''maz'' ('foal') (also root of ''mazrek'' '[[horse breeder]]'), ''mend'' ('to suckle'); Romanian: ''mînz'' ('foal')
|[[Thracian language|Thracian]]: ''mezēnai'' 'horseman'
|Gaulish: ''mandus'' ('foal')
|<ref>{{harvnb|Pisani|1976|p=69}}; {{harvnb|Orel|1998|pp=260, 265}}; {{harvnb|Delamarre|2003|p=215}}; {{harvnb|Matzinger|2005|p=36}}; {{harvnb|West|2007|pp=137, 146}}; {{Harvnb|Matzinger|2014|p=26}}.</ref>
|-
|''ner''
|man
|''*ner-''
|Proto-Albanian: ''*nera''; Albanian: ''njeri'' ('man')
|Greek: ''ανηρ'' ('man')
|Sanskrit: ''nar-'' ('man')
|<ref>{{harvnb|Pisani|1976|p=71}}.</ref>
|-
|''penkaheh''
|five
|
|Proto-Albanian: ''*pentše;'' Albanian: ''pesë'' ('five')
|
|Lithuanian: ''penki'' ('five')
|<ref>{{harvnb|De Simone|2017|p=1844}}.</ref>
|-
|''pi-''
|on, thereon
|
|[[Gheg Albanian#Malsia Albanian|MM Gheg Albanian]] ''pi'', [[Tosk Albanian]] ''mbi'' ('over, above')
|Greek πι
|Sanskrit ''pi-''
|<ref>{{harvnb|Dedvukaj|2023b|pp=274–275}}</ref>
|-
|''rhīnós''
|fog, mist, cloud
|
|Proto-Albanian: ''*rina'': Albanian: ''re, rê, rên'' ('cloud')
|
|
|<ref>{{harvnb|Orel|1998|p=366}}; {{harvnb|Matzinger|2005|pp=36–37}}; {{harvnb|Matzinger|2017|p=1790}}.</ref>
|-
|''tabarā; tabaras''
|priestess; priest (lit. 'offerer')
|''*to-bhorā''; ''*to-bhoros''
|Albanian: ''të bie/të bar, bjer/bar'' ('bring', 'carry')
|Greek: φορός ('bring')
|Latin: ''ferō'' ('bring')
|<ref>{{harvnb|Hamp|1966|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Pisani|1976|p=71}}; {{harvnb|Marchesini|2009|p=154}}; {{Harvnb|Matzinger|2014|p=26}}; {{harvnb|De Simone|2017|p=|pp=1842, 1844}}.</ref>
|-
|''teutā''
''Taotor''
|community, people
''(name of a god)''
|''*Toutor''
|Illyrian: ''[[Teuta|Teuta(na)]]'' ('mistress of the people', 'queen')
|
|[[Oscan language|Oscan]]: ''touto'' ('community'); [[Old Irish]]: ''túath'' ('tribe, people'); Lithuanian: ''tautà'' ('people'); [[Gothic language|Gothic]] ''þiuda'' 'folk'
|<ref>{{Harvnb|Boardman|Sollberger|1982|pp=869–870}}; {{Harvnb|Mallory|Adams|1997|pp=288, 417}}; {{Harvnb|West|2007|p=137}}; {{harvnb|Marchesini|2009|p=154}}; {{harvnb|De Simone|2017|p=1844}}</ref>
|-
|''veinan''
|his; one's
|
|Albanian: ''vetë'' ('himself, oneself')
|
|Sanskrit: ''svayàm'' ('himself')
|<ref>{{harvnb|Pisani|1976|p=69}}; {{harvnb|Matzinger|2005|pp=38–39}}.</ref>
|-
|''Vèrnula''
|toponym (a village near [[Lecce]]), from a root meaning 'alder'
|
|[[Albanoid]] ''*u̯irnā'': Albanian ''verrë'' ('alder')
|
|
|<ref>{{harvnb|Hamp|1996|pp=89–90}}.</ref>
|-
|''Venas''
|desire ''(name of a goddess)''
|''*wenos''
|
|
|Latin: ''[[Venus (mythology)|Venus]]''; [[Indo-Aryan languages|Old Indic]]: ''vánas'' ('desire')
|<ref>{{harvnb|De Simone|2017|p=1843}}.</ref>
|-
|''[[Zis (deity)|Zis]]''
|sky-god
|''*dyēs''
|Albanian ''[[Zojz (deity)|Zojz]]'' ('sky-god')
|Greek ''[[Zeus]]''; [[Tymphaea]]n: ''[[Deipaturos]]'' ('daylight-sky-father'), considered a loanword from Illyrian
|Hittite: ''šīuš'' ('god'); Sanskrit: ''[[Dyaus|Dyáuṣ]]''; Latin: ''[[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]'' ('sky-god')
|<ref>{{harvnb|Søborg|2020|p=74}}; {{Harvnb|Mann|1952|p=32}}; {{Harvnb|West|2007|pp=166–168}}; {{Harvnb|Matzinger|2014|p=26}}; {{harvnb|De Simone|2017|p=1843}}.</ref>
|}